{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404105523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411624700652","title":"Road Traffic Classification from Nighttime Videos Using the Multihead Self-Attention Vision Transformer Model and the SVM","display_name":"Road Traffic Classification from Nighttime Videos Using the Multihead Self-Attention Vision Transformer Model and the SVM","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404105523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411624700652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3103/s0146411624700652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411624700652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17203304","display_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0146-4116","issn":["0146-4116","1558-108X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093948997","display_name":"Sofiane Abdelkrim Khalladi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124969661","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf","ror":"https://ror.org/02nbj1r55","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124969661"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sofiane Abdelkrim Khalladi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signals and Images Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electronics, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, B.P. 1505, El Mnaouar-Bir el Djir-Oran, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signals and Images Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electronics, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, B.P. 1505, El Mnaouar-Bir el Djir-Oran, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124969661"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007019431","display_name":"Asm\u00e2a Ouessai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7231-2252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148060","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Saida Dr.Moulay Tahar","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwqca46","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148060"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124969661","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf","ror":"https://ror.org/02nbj1r55","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124969661"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asm\u00e2a Ouessai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. Tahar Moulay University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Telecommunications, Saida, Algeria","Signals and Images Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electronics, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, B.P. 1505, El Mnaouar-Bir el Djir-Oran, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Tahar Moulay University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Telecommunications, Saida, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signals and Images Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electronics, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, B.P. 1505, El Mnaouar-Bir el Djir-Oran, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124969661"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017149212","display_name":"Mokhtar Keche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-072X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124969661","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf","ror":"https://ror.org/02nbj1r55","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124969661"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mokhtar Keche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signals and Images Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electronics, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, B.P. 1505, El Mnaouar-Bir el Djir-Oran, Algeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signals and Images Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electronics, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, B.P. 1505, El Mnaouar-Bir el Djir-Oran, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124969661"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093948997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124969661"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56039959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"5","first_page":"544","last_page":"554"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9097581505775452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6550266146659851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5233351588249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49947595596313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3800174295902252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3557147979736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3236194849014282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9097581505775452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6550266146659851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5233351588249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49947595596313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3800174295902252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3557147979736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3236194849014282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3103/s0146411624700652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411624700652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17203304","display_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0146-4116","issn":["0146-4116","1558-108X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546411676","https://openalex.org/W2065220250","https://openalex.org/W2089731858","https://openalex.org/W2126918828","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2613933785","https://openalex.org/W2808017405","https://openalex.org/W2890474333","https://openalex.org/W2988812296","https://openalex.org/W3154428879","https://openalex.org/W3180736448","https://openalex.org/W4287092266","https://openalex.org/W4313479026","https://openalex.org/W4313569213","https://openalex.org/W4313855663","https://openalex.org/W4367693569","https://openalex.org/W4391652579","https://openalex.org/W4391909898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W1910826599","https://openalex.org/W2012353789","https://openalex.org/W2530420969","https://openalex.org/W2051187167","https://openalex.org/W1980100242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"transport":[1],"systems":[2],"(ITSs)":[3],"have":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,57,67,135,142],"groundbreaking":[8],"solution":[9],"to":[10,37,153,157],"address":[11],"the":[12,74,97,106,158,165,173,178],"challenges":[13],"associated":[14],"with":[15],"road":[16,21,43,82],"traffic,":[17],"which":[18,115],"are":[19],"enhancing":[20],"utilization":[22],"efficiency,":[23],"providing":[24],"convenient":[25],"and":[26,29,40,49,93,122,124,129],"safe":[27],"transportation,":[28],"reducing":[30],"energy":[31],"consumption.":[32],"ITS":[33],"leverages":[34],"advanced":[35],"technologies":[36],"collect,":[38],"store,":[39],"deliver":[41],"real-time":[42],"traffic":[44,83,125],"information,":[45],"enabling":[46],"intelligent":[47],"decision-making":[48],"optimizing":[50],"various":[51,117],"aspects":[52],"of":[53,99,110,138,161],"transportation":[54],"systems.":[55],"As":[56],"contribution":[58],"in":[59,64],"this":[60,65,149,155],"matter,":[61],"we":[62,102,151],"propose":[63],"paper":[66],"novel":[68],"efficient":[69],"macroscopic":[70],"approach,":[71,101],"based":[72],"on":[73],"multihead":[75],"self-attention":[76],"vision":[77],"transformer":[78],"(MSViT),":[79],"for":[80],"categorizing":[81],"congestion,":[84],"from":[85],"nighttime":[86,107],"videos,":[87],"into":[88,148],"three":[89],"classes:":[90],"light,":[91],"medium,":[92,128],"heavy.":[94],"To":[95],"assess":[96],"performance":[98],"our":[100],"conducted":[103],"experiments":[104],"using":[105,172],"UCSD":[108,175],"(University":[109],"California":[111],"San":[112],"Diego)":[113],"dataset,":[114,176],"includes":[116],"weather":[118],"conditions":[119],"(clear,":[120],"overcast,":[121],"rainy)":[123],"scenarios":[126],"(light,":[127],"heavy).":[130],"The":[131],"classification":[132],"accuracy":[133,156],"reached":[134],"high":[136],"level":[137,160],"94.24%.":[139],"By":[140],"incorporating":[141],"support":[143],"vector":[144],"machine":[145],"(SVM)":[146],"classifier":[147],"method,":[150],"managed":[152],"enhance":[154],"outstanding":[159],"98.92%,":[162],"thus":[163],"outperforming":[164],"existing":[166],"state-of-the-art":[167],"methods":[168],"that":[169],"were":[170],"evaluated":[171],"same":[174],"furthermore,":[177],"execution":[179],"time":[180],"was":[181],"optimized.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-22T23:29:09.771500","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}