{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389042069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411623060093","title":"BC-Net: Early Diagnostics of Breast Cancer Using Nested Ensemble Technique of Machine Learning","display_name":"BC-Net: Early Diagnostics of Breast Cancer Using Nested Ensemble Technique of Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389042069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411623060093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3103/s0146411623060093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411623060093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17203304","display_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0146-4116","issn":["0146-4116","1558-108X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015622914","display_name":"Kuljeet Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2592-8625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142231","display_name":"Central University of Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/03nw1rg94","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kuljeet Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, Central University of Jammu, 181143, Jammu and Kashmir, India","Department of Computer Science and IT, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, Central University of Jammu, 181143, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080696034","display_name":"Sourabh Shastri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6373-398X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145846420","display_name":"University of Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/02retg991","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sourabh Shastri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India","Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032948428","display_name":"Sachin Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3949-0302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145846420","display_name":"University of Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/02retg991","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachin Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India","Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013536676","display_name":"Vibhakar Mansotra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-6611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145846420","display_name":"University of Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/02retg991","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vibhakar Mansotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India","Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145846420"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015622914"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4759,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70038062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"6","first_page":"646","last_page":"659"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7466632127761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"Breast cancer","score":0.6921995878219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5831660032272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.570787250995636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5447836518287659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.43806129693984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.4222373068332672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.41623321175575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2353883981704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.14469927549362183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7466632127761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.6921995878219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5831660032272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.570787250995636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5447836518287659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.43806129693984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.4222373068332672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.41623321175575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2353883981704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.14469927549362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3103/s0146411623060093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0146411623060093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17203304","display_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","issn_l":"0146-4116","issn":["0146-4116","1558-108X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618025259","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1607185497","https://openalex.org/W1645816215","https://openalex.org/W1817561967","https://openalex.org/W1965173537","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1985842955","https://openalex.org/W2008813116","https://openalex.org/W2010120422","https://openalex.org/W2023294425","https://openalex.org/W2025667197","https://openalex.org/W2043539979","https://openalex.org/W2062137484","https://openalex.org/W2067769201","https://openalex.org/W2069914810","https://openalex.org/W2088043202","https://openalex.org/W2088821791","https://openalex.org/W2139611035","https://openalex.org/W2162363668","https://openalex.org/W2178957972","https://openalex.org/W2190743529","https://openalex.org/W2285010888","https://openalex.org/W2370924594","https://openalex.org/W2410613289","https://openalex.org/W2555950988","https://openalex.org/W2562395590","https://openalex.org/W2569219946","https://openalex.org/W2576787043","https://openalex.org/W2615419746","https://openalex.org/W2746217632","https://openalex.org/W2773381949","https://openalex.org/W2783710041","https://openalex.org/W2790146374","https://openalex.org/W2790298521","https://openalex.org/W2791151316","https://openalex.org/W2888972972","https://openalex.org/W2889050726","https://openalex.org/W2892235178","https://openalex.org/W2899432087","https://openalex.org/W2900788498","https://openalex.org/W2988125122","https://openalex.org/W3023516742","https://openalex.org/W3093509534","https://openalex.org/W3100344990","https://openalex.org/W3107412815","https://openalex.org/W3166194073","https://openalex.org/W3199499508","https://openalex.org/W4205353205","https://openalex.org/W4206999893","https://openalex.org/W4313530133"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376643315","https://openalex.org/W4324137541","https://openalex.org/W2900445707","https://openalex.org/W4285741730","https://openalex.org/W1191482210","https://openalex.org/W4285046548","https://openalex.org/W4210302090","https://openalex.org/W3092276832","https://openalex.org/W3111529524","https://openalex.org/W4375951447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Breast":[1],"cancer":[2,8,45,61,86,138,207],"is":[3,10,36,130],"a":[4],"divergent":[5],"and":[6,15,28,77,83,102,111,135,165,188,202,210],"prominent":[7],"that":[9,171],"responsible":[11],"for":[12,124],"the":[13,20,39,120,172,182,192,199],"morbidity":[14],"mortality":[16],"of":[17,31,38,90,132,155],"women":[18],"throughout":[19],"world.":[21],"This":[22,196],"paper":[23],"aims":[24],"at":[25,62],"early":[26,64,209],"detection":[27],"accurate":[29,211],"diagnosis":[30],"this":[32],"fatal":[33],"disease,":[34],"which":[35,74],"one":[37],"most":[40],"important":[41],"steps":[42],"in":[43,153],"breast":[44,60,85,137,206],"treatment.":[46],"Therefore,":[47],"various":[48],"nested":[49,68,93,175],"ensemble":[50,69,94,176],"machine":[51],"learning":[52],"techniques":[53,79],"are":[54],"used":[55],"to":[56,80,107],"help":[57,198],"doctors":[58],"determine":[59],"an":[63],"stage.":[65],"The":[66,114,127,143,168],"two-layer":[67,92,174],"model":[70,125,129,177],"has":[71],"been":[72,97,105,117,148],"proposed,":[73],"encompasses":[75],"stacking":[76],"voting":[78],"detect":[81],"benign":[82,134],"malignant":[84,136],"tumors.":[87],"A":[88],"total":[89],"four":[91,145],"models":[95,146,185],"have":[96,104,116,147],"proposed.":[98],"S(NaiveBayes)-V(3-Meta_Learner),":[99],"S(BayesNet)-V(3-Meta_Learner),":[100],"S(NaiveBayes)-V(4-Meta_Learner),":[101],"S(BayesNet)-V(4-Meta_Learner)":[103,178],"designed":[106],"contain":[108],"base":[109],"learners":[110],"meta":[112],"learners.":[113],"experiments":[115,169],"conducted":[118],"with":[119,140,150,190,208],"k-fold":[121],"cross-validation":[122],"technique":[123],"evaluation.":[126],"proposed":[128,173],"capable":[131],"classifying":[133],"tumors":[139],"99.50%":[141],"accuracy.":[142],"aforementioned":[144],"compared":[149],"previous":[151],"works":[152],"terms":[154],"classification":[156],"accuracy,":[157],"ROC,":[158],"recall,":[159],"precision,":[160],"TP":[161],"rate,":[162,164],"FP":[163],"F1":[166],"measure.":[167],"showed":[170],"performed":[179],"better":[180],"than":[181],"other":[183],"three":[184],"mentioned":[186],"supra":[187],"competed":[189],"all":[191],"previously":[193],"published":[194],"works.":[195],"would":[197],"scientific":[200],"community":[201],"health":[203],"practitioners":[204],"diagnose":[205],"results.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}