{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795015657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29007/dz83","title":"Empirical Evaluation of the Energy Impact of Refactoring Code Smells","display_name":"Empirical Evaluation of the Energy Impact of Refactoring Code Smells","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795015657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29007/dz83","mag":"2795015657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.29007/dz83","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29007/dz83","pdf_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/MxpT","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651395","display_name":"EPiC series in computing","issn_l":"2398-7340","issn":["2398-7340"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPiC Series in Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/MxpT","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041332104","display_name":"Roberto Verdecchia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-6637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150763","display_name":"Gran Sasso Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/043qcb444","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210150763"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["IT","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Verdecchia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gran Sasso Science Institute L'Aquila, Italy","Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gran Sasso Science Institute L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024402925","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 Aparicio Saez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9 Aparicio Saez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077338026","display_name":"Giuseppe Procaccianti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0122-8333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Procaccianti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088101716","display_name":"Patricia Lago","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2234-0845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Lago","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041332104"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150763","https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.06,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87431449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":null,"first_page":"365","last_page":"345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.9846045970916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.8996643424034119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7644096612930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5916126370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5794501304626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.48012208938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4537501633167267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance","display_name":"Software maintenance","score":0.4358869791030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4019652009010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.3934248685836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.3800731599330902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.37611255049705505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.33933550119400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19070401787757874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1338750123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.9846045970916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.8996643424034119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7644096612930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5916126370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5794501304626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.48012208938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4537501633167267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101317890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053","display_name":"Software maintenance","level":4,"score":0.4358869791030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4019652009010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.3934248685836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.3800731599330902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.37611255049705505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33933550119400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19070401787757874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1338750123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.29007/dz83","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29007/dz83","pdf_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/MxpT","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651395","display_name":"EPiC series in computing","issn_l":"2398-7340","issn":["2398-7340"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPiC Series in Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1405262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1405262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/1318090b-0cfc-4254-bb3c-42d48ea64ca5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/1318090b-0cfc-4254-bb3c-42d48ea64ca5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400546","display_name":"Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Verdecchia, R, Saez, R A, Procaccianti, G & Lago, P 2018, Empirical Evaluation of the Energy Impact of Refactoring Code Smells. in B Penzenstadler, S Easterbrook, C Venters & S Ishtiaque Ahmed (eds), ICT4S2018. 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Sustainability : [Proceedings]. EPiC Series in Computing, vol. 52, EasyChair, Toronto, Canada, pp. 365-383, 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Sustainability. ICT4S2018, Toronto, Canada, 15/05/18. https://doi.org/10.29007/dz83","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:vu:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/1318090b-0cfc-4254-bb3c-42d48ea64ca5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/1318090b-0cfc-4254-bb3c-42d48ea64ca5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ICT4S2018. 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Sustainability: Proceedings, 52, 365 - 383","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.29007/dz83","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29007/dz83","pdf_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/MxpT","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651395","display_name":"EPiC series in computing","issn_l":"2398-7340","issn":["2398-7340"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPiC Series in Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795015657.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795015657.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194329796","https://openalex.org/W1491087240","https://openalex.org/W1507539036","https://openalex.org/W1511637839","https://openalex.org/W1612015840","https://openalex.org/W1860757347","https://openalex.org/W1973077330","https://openalex.org/W1974189775","https://openalex.org/W1974655094","https://openalex.org/W1987438174","https://openalex.org/W1998010489","https://openalex.org/W2015418718","https://openalex.org/W2025892295","https://openalex.org/W2076804800","https://openalex.org/W2096821349","https://openalex.org/W2102049362","https://openalex.org/W2112918230","https://openalex.org/W2126399635","https://openalex.org/W2128698639","https://openalex.org/W2128802947","https://openalex.org/W2131704937","https://openalex.org/W2135093973","https://openalex.org/W2143969840","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2169230786","https://openalex.org/W2188164759","https://openalex.org/W2292834460","https://openalex.org/W2310208102","https://openalex.org/W2336756382","https://openalex.org/W2517176705","https://openalex.org/W2616404146","https://openalex.org/W2787379525","https://openalex.org/W3150817821","https://openalex.org/W4247956907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088986462","https://openalex.org/W2780981476","https://openalex.org/W2955607951","https://openalex.org/W3166181464","https://openalex.org/W2187939805","https://openalex.org/W125071098","https://openalex.org/W2517910349","https://openalex.org/W2946499381","https://openalex.org/W2015418718","https://openalex.org/W2091064206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"energy":[1,27,46,71,129,143,156,167,195],"efficiency":[2,28,144],"has":[3,29],"gained":[4],"increasing":[5],"attention":[6],"of":[7,22,48,69,73,86,119,171],"the":[8,20,34,41,70,78,110,172,189],"research":[9,184],"community.":[10],"How":[11],"to":[12,59,140,187],"improve":[13,165],"it,":[14],"however,":[15],"still":[16],"lacks":[17],"evidence.":[18],"Specifically,":[19,131],"impact":[21,42,72,173],"code":[23,51,161],"smell":[24,124],"refactoring":[25,49,82,122,132,160],"on":[26,43,53,83,109,176],"been":[30],"scarcely":[31],"investigated.":[32],"In":[33,57,158],"pilot":[35],"study":[36],"here":[37],"reported,":[38],"we":[39,75],"investigate":[40],"performance":[44],"and":[45,103,128,135,194],"consumption":[47],"well-known":[50],"smells":[52,138,162],"Java":[54],"software":[55,62,88,147,166,192],"applications.":[56],"order":[58],"understand":[60,188],"if":[61],"metrics":[63,148,193],"can":[64,163],"be":[65],"used":[66],"as":[67],"indicators":[68],"refactoring,":[74],"also":[76],"measured":[77],"variation":[79],"caused":[80],"by":[81],"a":[84,92,141],"set":[85],"well-established":[87],"metrics.":[89],"We":[90],"conducted":[91],"controlled":[93],"experiment":[94],"using":[95],"state-of-the-art":[96],"power":[97,154],"measurement":[98],"equipment.":[99],"Statistical":[100],"hypothesis":[101],"testing":[102],"effect":[104],"size":[105,180],"estimation":[106],"were":[107],"performed":[108],"experimental":[111],"results.":[112],"Results":[113],"show":[114],"that":[115],"in":[116],"one":[117],"out":[118],"three":[120],"applications,":[121],"each":[123],"significantly":[125,149,164],"impacted":[126],"power-":[127],"consumption.":[130,157],"Feature":[133],"Envy":[134],"Long":[136],"Method":[137],"led":[139],"49%":[142],"improvement.":[145],"No":[146],"correlated":[150],"with":[151],"execution":[152],"time,":[153],"or":[155,181],"conclusion,":[159],"efficiency.":[168,196],"The":[169],"magnitude":[170],"may":[174],"depend":[175],"application":[177],"properties,":[178],"e.g.":[179],"age.":[182],"Further":[183],"is":[185],"needed":[186],"relationship":[190],"between":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2018-04-06T00:00:00"}
