{"id":"https://openalex.org/W795970866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29007/2w2f","title":"Closing the Gap Between Specification and Programming: VDM++ and Scala","display_name":"Closing the Gap Between Specification and Programming: VDM++ and Scala","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W795970866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29007/2w2f","mag":"795970866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.29007/2w2f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29007/2w2f","pdf_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/nzg","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651395","display_name":"EPiC series in computing","issn_l":"2398-7340","issn":["2398-7340"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPiC Series in Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/nzg","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040778442","display_name":"Klaus Havelund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7079-0472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Havelund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology","Jet Propulsion Lab. California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Lab. California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040778442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1692,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56870154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":null,"first_page":"210","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scala","display_name":"Scala","score":0.9387288093566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.8665482401847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8545161485671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification-language","display_name":"Specification language","score":0.6544973850250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language-specification","display_name":"Programming language specification","score":0.6356028318405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/succinctness","display_name":"Succinctness","score":0.5961257219314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameterized-complexity","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","score":0.544126570224762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-programming","display_name":"Functional programming","score":0.47017306089401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-programming-language","display_name":"High-level programming language","score":0.4272609055042267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.33099091053009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3192552924156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.18638038635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.1697554886341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-domain","display_name":"Programming domain","score":0.15726041793823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15403839945793152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109701466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460584","display_name":"Scala","level":3,"score":0.9387288093566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.8665482401847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8545161485671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.6544973850250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15077461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248507","display_name":"Programming language specification","level":5,"score":0.6356028318405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776493592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158717","display_name":"Succinctness","level":2,"score":0.5961257219314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.544126570224762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42383842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193076","display_name":"Functional programming","level":2,"score":0.47017306089401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19024347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211496","display_name":"High-level programming language","level":3,"score":0.4272609055042267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.33099091053009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3192552924156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.18638038635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.1697554886341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119263510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248501","display_name":"Programming domain","level":4,"score":0.15726041793823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15403839945793152}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.29007/2w2f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29007/2w2f","pdf_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/nzg","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651395","display_name":"EPiC series in computing","issn_l":"2398-7340","issn":["2398-7340"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPiC Series in Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.432.1999","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.432.1999","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.havelund.com/Publications/howard60-ecps.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:795970866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.havelund.com/Publications/howard60-ecps.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420808","display_name":"Runtime Verification","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Runtime Verification","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.29007/2w2f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29007/2w2f","pdf_url":"https://easychair.org/publications/open/nzg","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651395","display_name":"EPiC series in computing","issn_l":"2398-7340","issn":["2398-7340"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPiC Series in Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809100787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7031920992","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Next-Generation Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation With a Focus on Embedded Control and Systems Biology","funder_award_id":"0926190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7287156671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0926190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W795970866.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W795970866.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57277416","https://openalex.org/W1492575033","https://openalex.org/W1494755801","https://openalex.org/W1540492331","https://openalex.org/W1545975048","https://openalex.org/W1604322069","https://openalex.org/W1825341937","https://openalex.org/W1829244603","https://openalex.org/W1970495662","https://openalex.org/W2001071471","https://openalex.org/W2008037751","https://openalex.org/W2024753805","https://openalex.org/W2032753290","https://openalex.org/W2040060046","https://openalex.org/W2111141292","https://openalex.org/W2123814724","https://openalex.org/W2137591753","https://openalex.org/W2145063062","https://openalex.org/W2153691835","https://openalex.org/W2164119561","https://openalex.org/W2169072222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132813217","https://openalex.org/W2164449382","https://openalex.org/W1577073218","https://openalex.org/W2111138093","https://openalex.org/W1596973835","https://openalex.org/W2107676802","https://openalex.org/W2142835406","https://openalex.org/W2142762894","https://openalex.org/W1948202499","https://openalex.org/W2146293637","https://openalex.org/W1598781941","https://openalex.org/W1538028634","https://openalex.org/W1816310522","https://openalex.org/W153586760","https://openalex.org/W2117477573","https://openalex.org/W2890569340","https://openalex.org/W1538667139","https://openalex.org/W1596981105","https://openalex.org/W1529202760","https://openalex.org/W2886155613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,30,56],"argue":[1],"that":[2],"a":[3,11,62,69,80],"modern":[4],"programming":[5],"language":[6,36,64],"such":[7],"as":[8,24,26,61,79],"Scala":[9,48],"offers":[10],"level":[12],"of":[13,71],"succinctness,":[14],"which":[15],"makes":[16],"it":[17,67],"suitable":[18],"for":[19,27],"program":[20],"and":[21,75],"systems":[22],"specification":[23,40,63],"well":[25],"high-level":[28],"programming.":[29],"illustrate":[31,58],"this":[32],"by":[33,54,65],"comparing":[34],"the":[35,38],"with":[37,68],"VDM++":[39],"language.":[41],"The":[42],"comparison":[43],"also":[44],"identifies":[45],"areas":[46],"where":[47],"perhaps":[49],"could":[50],"be":[51],"improved,":[52],"inspired":[53],"VDM++.":[55],"furthermore":[57],"Scala's":[59],"potential":[60],"augmenting":[66],"combination":[70],"parameterized":[72],"state":[73],"machines":[74],"temporal":[76],"logic,":[77],"defined":[78],"library,":[81],"thereby":[82],"forming":[83],"an":[84],"expressive":[85],"but":[86],"simple":[87],"runtime":[88],"verification":[89],"framework.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}