{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1834492605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.28945/441","title":"Bias, Misinformation and the Paradox of Neutrality","display_name":"Bias, Misinformation and the Paradox of Neutrality","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1834492605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.28945/441","mag":"1834492605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.28945/441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.28945/441","pdf_url":"http://www.inform.nu/Articles/Vol11/ISJv11p085-106Bednar528.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736881203","display_name":"Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline","issn_l":"1521-4672","issn":["1521-4672","1547-9684","1547-9692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315806","host_organization_name":"Informing Science Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informing Science Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://www.inform.nu/Articles/Vol11/ISJv11p085-106Bednar528.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086765619","display_name":"Peter Bedn\u00e1r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3631-2626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter M. Bednar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Portsmouth, UK","Department of Informatics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Portsmouth, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041085011","display_name":"Christine Welch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7149-3354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Welch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Portsmouth, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Portsmouth, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9623156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"085","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.8694000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.8694000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.8041999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.8956407904624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.7638537883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrality","display_name":"Neutrality","score":0.5901205539703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/association","display_name":"Association (psychology)","score":0.4534755051136017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3912837505340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.36922913789749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.35593360662460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.34428584575653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.2199830412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.15645712614059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09416800737380981}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.8956407904624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.7638537883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049677","display_name":"Neutrality","level":2,"score":0.5901205539703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4534755051136017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3912837505340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36922913789749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35593360662460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.34428584575653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.2199830412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15645712614059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09416800737380981}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.28945/441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.28945/441","pdf_url":"http://www.inform.nu/Articles/Vol11/ISJv11p085-106Bednar528.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736881203","display_name":"Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline","issn_l":"1521-4672","issn":["1521-4672","1547-9684","1547-9692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315806","host_organization_name":"Informing Science Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informing Science Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.584.2040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.584.2040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://inform.nu/Articles/Vol11/ISJv11p085-106Bednar528.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:3160590e-53cc-4b2a-9b0e-eae246d943ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/1486846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:d46c5d9e-2680-46d5-b4d8-105120839520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/1486481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1521-4672","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.28945/441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.28945/441","pdf_url":"http://www.inform.nu/Articles/Vol11/ISJv11p085-106Bednar528.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736881203","display_name":"Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline","issn_l":"1521-4672","issn":["1521-4672","1547-9684","1547-9692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315806","host_organization_name":"Informing Science Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informing Science Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1834492605.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1834492605.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21601186","https://openalex.org/W201578715","https://openalex.org/W249823310","https://openalex.org/W620609333","https://openalex.org/W641855388","https://openalex.org/W1482449241","https://openalex.org/W1506476636","https://openalex.org/W1516374810","https://openalex.org/W1523439300","https://openalex.org/W1541456364","https://openalex.org/W1550177116","https://openalex.org/W1574345320","https://openalex.org/W1578133078","https://openalex.org/W1581907134","https://openalex.org/W1581978580","https://openalex.org/W1587077708","https://openalex.org/W1590264458","https://openalex.org/W1702416304","https://openalex.org/W1705536140","https://openalex.org/W1775343853","https://openalex.org/W1836299402","https://openalex.org/W1890793855","https://openalex.org/W1900555305","https://openalex.org/W1910433307","https://openalex.org/W1916207017","https://openalex.org/W1987789700","https://openalex.org/W2005309592","https://openalex.org/W2011526406","https://openalex.org/W2014555522","https://openalex.org/W2021422418","https://openalex.org/W2051508205","https://openalex.org/W2072026461","https://openalex.org/W2072863585","https://openalex.org/W2073506374","https://openalex.org/W2111030512","https://openalex.org/W2112572392","https://openalex.org/W2122541324","https://openalex.org/W2133958435","https://openalex.org/W2283899546","https://openalex.org/W2290526371","https://openalex.org/W2313211529","https://openalex.org/W2319027139","https://openalex.org/W2327672435","https://openalex.org/W2332013542","https://openalex.org/W2340109459","https://openalex.org/W2731090639","https://openalex.org/W2798789701","https://openalex.org/W4239639338","https://openalex.org/W4240830748","https://openalex.org/W4247202100","https://openalex.org/W4251395411","https://openalex.org/W4302313316","https://openalex.org/W6600881845","https://openalex.org/W6601852286","https://openalex.org/W6630868103","https://openalex.org/W6634643317","https://openalex.org/W6634856637","https://openalex.org/W6638119392","https://openalex.org/W6664948390","https://openalex.org/W6679725634","https://openalex.org/W6793903795","https://openalex.org/W6992215153","https://openalex.org/W7015151584","https://openalex.org/W7053271772","https://openalex.org/W7065010113","https://openalex.org/W7070443497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197131596","https://openalex.org/W4390616380","https://openalex.org/W4388666321","https://openalex.org/W4205914924","https://openalex.org/W4283459170","https://openalex.org/W4390691583","https://openalex.org/W4225301003","https://openalex.org/W4229014887","https://openalex.org/W4229067106","https://openalex.org/W4388798880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"international":[1],"association":[2],"advancing":[3],"the":[4,13,25],"multidisciplinary":[5],"study":[6],"of":[7,22,27],"informing":[8,28],"systems.":[9],"Founded":[10],"in":[11],"1998,":[12],"Informing":[14],"Science":[15],"Institute":[16],"(ISI)":[17],"is":[18],"a":[19],"global":[20],"community":[21],"academics":[23],"shaping":[24],"future":[26],"science.":[29]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
