{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971654712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.28945/4193","title":"VEX Robotics Competitions: Gender Differences in Student Attitudes and Experiences","display_name":"VEX Robotics Competitions: Gender Differences in Student Attitudes and Experiences","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971654712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.28945/4193","mag":"2971654712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.28945/4193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.28945/4193","pdf_url":"http://www.jite.org/documents/Vol18/JITEv18ResearchP097-112Sullivan5121.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11358226","display_name":"Journal of Information Technology Education Research","issn_l":"1539-3585","issn":["1539-3585","1547-9706","1547-9714"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315806","host_organization_name":"Informing Science Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informing Science Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Technology Education: Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.jite.org/documents/Vol18/JITEv18ResearchP097-112Sullivan5121.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018441609","display_name":"Amanda Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0143-1641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tufts University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tufts University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109255082","display_name":"Marina Umashi Bers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Umashi Bers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tufts University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tufts University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018441609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5877,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94822344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"097","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7229589223861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notice","display_name":"Notice","score":0.6791194677352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-robotics","display_name":"Educational robotics","score":0.5552032589912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5289818048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5223132967948914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.4237462878227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4219253659248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.26263660192489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.2435106635093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13862183690071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.11999103426933289}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7229589223861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001","display_name":"Notice","level":2,"score":0.6791194677352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183889225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341299","display_name":"Educational robotics","level":4,"score":0.5552032589912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5289818048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5223132967948914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4237462878227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4219253659248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26263660192489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.2435106635093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13862183690071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11999103426933289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.28945/4193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.28945/4193","pdf_url":"http://www.jite.org/documents/Vol18/JITEv18ResearchP097-112Sullivan5121.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11358226","display_name":"Journal of Information Technology Education Research","issn_l":"1539-3585","issn":["1539-3585","1547-9706","1547-9714"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315806","host_organization_name":"Informing Science Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informing Science Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Technology Education: Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.28945/4193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.28945/4193","pdf_url":"http://www.jite.org/documents/Vol18/JITEv18ResearchP097-112Sullivan5121.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11358226","display_name":"Journal of Information Technology Education Research","issn_l":"1539-3585","issn":["1539-3585","1547-9706","1547-9714"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315806","host_organization_name":"Informing Science Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informing Science Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Technology Education: Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971654712.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971654712.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81923922","https://openalex.org/W757569123","https://openalex.org/W1630772279","https://openalex.org/W1648326647","https://openalex.org/W1651457188","https://openalex.org/W1667116249","https://openalex.org/W1977407946","https://openalex.org/W2004061918","https://openalex.org/W2016226370","https://openalex.org/W2017753702","https://openalex.org/W2039033408","https://openalex.org/W2058319902","https://openalex.org/W2061092664","https://openalex.org/W2062635437","https://openalex.org/W2112276116","https://openalex.org/W2114886441","https://openalex.org/W2165636278","https://openalex.org/W2168699799","https://openalex.org/W2501182268","https://openalex.org/W2526081115","https://openalex.org/W2547745278","https://openalex.org/W2548714592","https://openalex.org/W2588440559","https://openalex.org/W2790271968","https://openalex.org/W2889273325","https://openalex.org/W2972608766","https://openalex.org/W3000469356","https://openalex.org/W4233188495","https://openalex.org/W4247039117","https://openalex.org/W4254539339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3184683492","https://openalex.org/W2548796344","https://openalex.org/W2494230889","https://openalex.org/W4244213135","https://openalex.org/W2943610907","https://openalex.org/W2972718276","https://openalex.org/W2889355398","https://openalex.org/W4206307518","https://openalex.org/W2083091378","https://openalex.org/W2083087460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aim/Purpose:":[0],"Educational":[1],"robotics":[2,45,72,230,360,415,440,447,512],"competitions":[3,73,121],"are":[4,23,66,179,185,200,218,281,330,435,463],"a":[5,93,103,437,446,535],"popular":[6],"way":[7],"to":[8,35,50,75,101,112,127,237,293,305,338,393,407,449,457,474,481,485,492,543,554],"increase":[9,56],"students\u2019":[10,207,225,351,520],"interest":[11,497],"in":[12,26,38,48,59,119,203,209,221,251,276,285,398,414,466,488,498,526,549,552],"science":[13,470],"and":[14,43,55,78,106,122,134,142,154,159,168,190,205,213,223,247,258,269,290,298,327,356,361,396,425,468,496,547,559],"engineering":[15,467],"during":[16],"their":[17,57,210,286,291,311,320,489,494],"K-12":[18,490],"years.":[19],"However,":[20],"female":[21,44,53,97,116,130,191,206,224,245,267,274,308,321,350,412,432,519],"students":[22,47,54,81,117,143,155,158,265,268,280,299,309,322,390,413,433,548],"typically":[24],"underrepresented":[25,249,465],"these":[27,173,369,399,452,499],"competitions.":[28],"The":[29,162,524],"goal":[30],"of":[31,41,68,88,96,150,241,300,359,385,411,439,534],"this":[32,277,476,527,550],"study":[33,235,506,551],"is":[34,110,479],"determine":[36],"differences":[37,187,202,220,418],"the":[39,69,83,120,175,186,201,219,238,263,354,365,409,545],"experiences":[40,193,410],"male":[42,189,204,222,264,270,339,372],"competition":[46,60,513],"order":[49,100,473,553],"better":[51,128],"support":[52,129],"representation":[58],"leagues.":[61],"Background:":[62],"VEX":[63,90,140,152,228,344],"Robotics":[64],"Competitions":[65],"one":[67],"fastest-growing":[70],"educational":[71],"available":[74],"middle":[76],"school":[77,80],"high":[79],"around":[82],"world.":[84],"Despite":[85],"growing":[86,239],"numbers":[87],"participants,":[89],"programs":[91],"have":[92,306,444],"notice-able":[94],"lack":[95],"participants.":[98],"In":[99,472],"create":[102],"more":[104,283,307,325],"diverse":[105],"representative":[107],"program,":[108],"it":[109,478],"important":[111],"investigate":[113],"why":[114,451],"fewer":[115],"participate":[118],"what":[123],"can":[124],"be":[125],"done":[126],"students.":[131,340,373],"Methodology:":[132],"Qualitative":[133],"quantitative":[135],"data":[136],"were":[137],"collected":[138],"from":[139,531],"mentors":[141,153,271,275,317,345,546],"through":[144],"online":[145],"surveys.":[146],"A":[147],"total":[148],"sample":[149],"N=675":[151],"participated":[156],"(n=47":[157],"n=628":[160],"mentors).":[161],"surveys":[163],"asked":[164],"scaled,":[165],"multiple":[166],"choice,":[167],"free":[169],"response":[170],"questions.":[171],"Through":[172],"surveys,":[174],"following":[176],"research":[177,530,540],"questions":[178],"answered:":[180],"1)":[181],"What":[182,197,215],"(if":[183,198,216],"any)":[184,199,217],"between":[188],"student":[192],"with":[194,333,353,368],"VEX?":[195],"2)":[196],"confidence":[208,352,395,495],"technical":[211,288],"ability?":[212],"3)":[214],"performance":[226],"on":[227,243,310,348,420,460,517,557],"related":[229],"team":[231,387],"tasks?":[232],"Contribution:":[233],"This":[234,505],"contributes":[236],"body":[240],"work":[242],"engaging":[244],"students,":[246,250],"other":[248],"STEM":[252],"fields":[253,500],"such":[254],"as":[255,323,336,371],"programming,":[256],"engineering,":[257],"robotics.":[259],"Findings:":[260],"Results":[261,313],"demonstrate":[262],"outnumber":[266,273],"also":[272,314],"sample.":[278],"Male":[279],"significantly":[282],"confident":[284],"general":[287],"ability":[289,292],"put":[294],"things":[295],"together":[296],"(p<.05)":[297],"both":[301],"genders":[302],"generally":[303,318],"wished":[304],"teams.":[312],"indicate":[315],"that":[316,328],"perceive":[319],"requiring":[324],"help":[326],"they":[329,363,502],"less":[331],"engaged":[332],"construction":[334,355],"tasks":[335,370],"compared":[337],"Recommendations":[341],"for":[342,389,402],"Practitioners:":[343],"should":[346,375,405,428,515],"focus":[347,516],"enhancing":[349],"building":[357,518],"aspects":[358],"ensuring":[362],"get":[364],"same":[366],"experience":[367,397],"They":[374],"consider":[376],"providing":[377],"supplemental":[378],"hands-on":[379],"training":[380],"sessions,":[381,388],"within":[382],"or":[383],"outside":[384],"regular":[386],"who":[391,434,443],"wish":[392],"build":[394,493],"areas.":[400],"Recommendation":[401],"Researchers:":[403],"Researchers":[404,427],"continue":[406,542],"explore":[408],"competitions,":[416],"including":[417],"based":[419],"grade":[421],"level,":[422],"mentor":[423],"gender,":[424],"more.":[426],"additionally":[429],"look":[430],"at":[431],"not":[436,455],"part":[438],"teams":[441,453,514],"(or":[442],"left":[445],"team)":[448],"understand":[450],"do":[454],"appeal":[456],"them.":[458],"Impact":[459],"Society:":[461],"Women":[462],"still":[464],"computer":[469],"professions.":[471],"bridge":[475],"gap,":[477],"critical":[480,509],"find":[482],"effective":[483],"ways":[484],"reach":[486,503],"girls":[487],"years":[491],"before":[501],"college.":[504],"points":[507],"out":[508],"areas":[510],"where":[511],"confidence.":[521],"Future":[522,539],"Research:":[523],"findings":[525],"paper":[528],"present":[529],"year":[532],"1":[533],"multi-year":[536],"longitudinal":[537],"study.":[538],"will":[541],"track":[544],"gain":[555],"information":[556],"retention":[558],"change":[560],"over":[561],"time.":[562]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}