{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036178246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222250310","title":"Investments in Information Security: A Real Options Perspective with Bayesian Postaudit","display_name":"Investments in Information Security: A Real Options Perspective with Bayesian Postaudit","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036178246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222250310","mag":"2036178246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222250310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222250310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027758487","display_name":"Hemantha S. B. Herath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3150-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hemantha S. B. Herath","raw_affiliation_strings":["a  Faculty of Business, Brock University","Faculty of Business, Brock University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a  Faculty of Business, Brock University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, Brock University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087029289","display_name":"Tejaswini Herath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-5643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151934421","display_name":"University of Northern British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/025wzwv46","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tejaswini C. Herath","raw_affiliation_strings":["b  Faculty of Business, Brock University, University of Northern British Columbia","Faculty of Business, Brock University, University of Northern British Columbia#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b  Faculty of Business, Brock University, University of Northern British Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, Brock University, University of Northern British Columbia#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94958317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"3","first_page":"337","last_page":"375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11976","display_name":"Capital Investment and Risk Analysis","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11976","display_name":"Capital Investment and Risk Analysis","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12659","display_name":"Innovation Diffusion and Forecasting","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9555000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.6609355211257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valuation","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","score":0.5792242288589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security-management","display_name":"Information security management","score":0.5470706224441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5448853373527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-management","display_name":"Security management","score":0.4911768138408661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.44133487343788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.42389047145843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-of-information","display_name":"Value of information","score":0.4222072958946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.41620030999183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.3507142961025238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.33945268392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3338651657104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24790900945663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.24110165238380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.1908281147480011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.6609355211257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5792242288589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148976360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662500","display_name":"Information security management","level":5,"score":0.5470706224441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5448853373527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83163435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3954104","display_name":"Security management","level":2,"score":0.4911768138408661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.44133487343788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.42389047145843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92424840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7912772","display_name":"Value of information","level":2,"score":0.4222072958946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.41620030999183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.3507142961025238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33945268392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3338651657104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24790900945663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.24110165238380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.1908281147480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222250310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222250310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W305397564","https://openalex.org/W1487665605","https://openalex.org/W1599928943","https://openalex.org/W1600826652","https://openalex.org/W1604244873","https://openalex.org/W1924456475","https://openalex.org/W1965895325","https://openalex.org/W1974897113","https://openalex.org/W1995503011","https://openalex.org/W2056075452","https://openalex.org/W2073649290","https://openalex.org/W2095669018","https://openalex.org/W2096830520","https://openalex.org/W2098201434","https://openalex.org/W2099840395","https://openalex.org/W2143474998","https://openalex.org/W2146016067","https://openalex.org/W2159872318","https://openalex.org/W2163315205","https://openalex.org/W2164327609","https://openalex.org/W2354891821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120971814","https://openalex.org/W4310892428","https://openalex.org/W2934984010","https://openalex.org/W2777401565","https://openalex.org/W2362334938","https://openalex.org/W2033357182","https://openalex.org/W2356973015","https://openalex.org/W322391649","https://openalex.org/W1502752702","https://openalex.org/W2028303111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"application":[1],"of":[2,16,33,50,63,68],"real":[3,38,88],"options":[4,39,89],"techniques":[5],"to":[6,22,25,77],"information":[7,18,26,34,51,92,135],"security":[8,35,52,93,136],"is":[9],"significantly":[10],"different":[11],"than":[12],"in":[13,30,81,103],"the":[14,31,48,59,66,82,104,108,143],"case":[15],"general":[17],"technology":[19],"investments":[20,94],"due":[21],"characteristics":[23],"unique":[24],"security.":[27],"Emerging":[28],"research":[29],"economics":[32],"has":[36,55],"suggested":[37],"analysis":[40],"(ROA)":[41],"as":[42],"a":[43,126],"potential":[44],"technique":[45],"for":[46,91,133],"assessing":[47],"value":[49],"assets,":[53],"but":[54],"focused":[56],"primarily":[57],"on":[58,114],"most":[60],"effective":[61],"level":[62],"investment":[64],"and":[65,101,116,129],"configuration":[67],"intrusion":[69],"prevention/detection":[70],"systems.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,118],"attempt":[76],"address":[78],"significant":[79],"gaps":[80],"literature":[83],"by":[84,138],"developing":[85],"an":[86],"integrated":[87],"model":[90,110],"using":[95,107],"Bayesian":[96,123],"statistics":[97],"that":[98,120],"incorporates":[99],"learning":[100],"postauditing":[102,124],"analysis.":[105],"By":[106],"proposed":[109],"with":[111,122],"actual":[112],"data":[113],"e-mail":[115],"spam,":[117],"demonstrate":[119],"ROA":[121],"offers":[125],"systematic":[127],"valuation":[128],"risk":[130],"management":[131],"framework":[132],"evaluating":[134],"spending":[137],"firms.":[139],"We":[140],"also":[141],"discuss":[142],"managerial":[144],"implications.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
