{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2023128806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222240204","title":"Proximity and Information Technology Outsourcing: How Local Are IT Services Markets?","display_name":"Proximity and Information Technology Outsourcing: How Local Are IT Services Markets?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2023128806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222240204","mag":"2023128806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222240204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222240204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784828","display_name":"Ashish Arora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-8646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Arora","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh","Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021007156","display_name":"Chris Forman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-1607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Forman","raw_affiliation_strings":["b The College of Management, Georgia Institute of Technology","The College of Management, Georgia Institute of Technology#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b The College of Management, Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Management, Georgia Institute of Technology#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101784828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.138,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9321752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"73","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12779","display_name":"Public Procurement and Policy","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.9536665081977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.6391582489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-process-outsourcing","display_name":"Knowledge process outsourcing","score":0.6210178136825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.5493547320365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.5428495407104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.5280538201332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.43262770771980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.3597337603569031}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.9536665081977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6391582489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108474776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917279","display_name":"Knowledge process outsourcing","level":3,"score":0.6210178136825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5493547320365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.5428495407104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5280538201332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.43262770771980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3597337603569031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222240204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222240204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498806680","https://openalex.org/W1525394556","https://openalex.org/W1552483424","https://openalex.org/W1554313626","https://openalex.org/W1567411073","https://openalex.org/W1590074231","https://openalex.org/W1595739362","https://openalex.org/W1607293965","https://openalex.org/W1678916964","https://openalex.org/W1862276743","https://openalex.org/W1967254945","https://openalex.org/W1967277008","https://openalex.org/W1999585223","https://openalex.org/W2035934714","https://openalex.org/W2044788768","https://openalex.org/W2053511614","https://openalex.org/W2081706503","https://openalex.org/W2127150125","https://openalex.org/W2129858953","https://openalex.org/W2140433021","https://openalex.org/W2145839297","https://openalex.org/W2470158578","https://openalex.org/W2536701087","https://openalex.org/W2752710160","https://openalex.org/W3121720779","https://openalex.org/W3123866343","https://openalex.org/W4254516712","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051978093","https://openalex.org/W21892006","https://openalex.org/W1985903762","https://openalex.org/W2375611471","https://openalex.org/W2187029649","https://openalex.org/W2291845669","https://openalex.org/W2993942913","https://openalex.org/W16029031","https://openalex.org/W2392217653","https://openalex.org/W1930396972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,71],"examine":[2],"the":[3,14,28,48,54,73,128,138,176],"question":[4],"of":[5,16,25,50,56,76,80,90,103,130,141],"which":[6,190],"services":[7,20,35,168],"are":[8,36,60,196],"tradable":[9],"within":[10],"a":[11,22,77],"concrete":[12],"setting:":[13],"outsourcing":[15,51,69,74,131,203],"information":[17],"technology":[18],"(IT)":[19],"across":[21],"broad":[23],"cross-section":[24],"establishments":[26,82],"in":[27,43,83,137],"United":[29],"States.":[30],"If":[31,58],"markets":[32,59],"for":[33,87,187,189],"IT":[34,91,200],"local,":[37,62],"then":[38,63],"we":[39],"should":[40],"expect":[41],"increases":[42],"local":[44,64,139,147,184],"supply":[45,65,140,148,185],"would":[46],"increase":[47],"likelihood":[49],"by":[52],"lowering":[53],"cost":[55],"outsourcing.":[57],"not":[61,67],"will":[66],"affect":[68],"demand.":[70],"analyze":[72],"decisions":[75],"large":[78],"sample":[79],"99,775":[81],"2002":[84],"and":[85,93,95,98,114,119,133,143,166,193],"2004,":[86],"two":[88],"types":[89],"services\u2014programming":[92],"design":[94,99,134,167],"hosting.":[96],"Programming":[97],"projects":[100],"require":[101],"communication":[102],"detailed":[104],"user":[105],"requirements":[106],"whereas":[107],"hosting":[108,180],"requires":[109],"less":[110],"coordination":[111],"between":[112],"client":[113],"service":[115],"provider":[116],"than":[117],"programming":[118,132,165],"design.":[120],"Our":[121],"empirical":[122],"results":[123],"bear":[124],"out":[125],"this":[126,144],"intuition:":[127],"probability":[129],"is":[135,158,181],"increasing":[136,152],"outsourcing,":[142],"sensitivity":[145],"to":[146,164,178,183],"conditions":[149],"has":[150],"been":[151],"over":[153],"time.":[154],"This":[155],"suggests":[156],"there":[157],"some":[159],"nontradable":[160],"or":[161],"\"local\"":[162],"component":[163],"that":[169],"cannot":[170],"be":[171],"easily":[172],"removed.":[173],"In":[174],"contrast,":[175],"decision":[177],"outsource":[179],"sensitive":[182],"only":[186],"firms":[188],"network":[191],"uptime":[192],"security":[194],"concerns":[195],"particularly":[197],"acute.":[198],"Keywords:":[199],"outsourcingoutsourcingservice":[201],"tradabilityservicesservices":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-02T08:37:19.008085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
