{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095629301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-4415150304","title":"Expert Stock Picker: The Wisdom of (Experts in) Crowds","display_name":"Expert Stock Picker: The Wisdom of (Experts in) Crowds","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095629301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-4415150304","mag":"2095629301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415150304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-4415150304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18436875","display_name":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce","issn_l":"1086-4415","issn":["1086-4415","1557-9301"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/bitstreams/98323974-e410-49da-a4a3-0a961126265f/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084077919","display_name":"Shawndra Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1980-727X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawndra Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania","Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082810960","display_name":"Noah Ready-Campbell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799832000","display_name":"ADS Group","ror":"https://ror.org/021n1yp58","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799832000"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Ready-Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["b Local Ads group","Local Ads group#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b Local Ads group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799832000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Local Ads group#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799832000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.3116,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99057779,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"73","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.6548949480056763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6517192721366882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.6192958950996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","score":0.6017146706581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sharpe-ratio","display_name":"Sharpe ratio","score":0.5455451011657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-generated-content","display_name":"User-generated content","score":0.5022118091583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.4510868191719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.35754626989364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33124691247940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.289556086063385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.27756208181381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14700469374656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.11328926682472229}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.6548949480056763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6517192721366882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6192958950996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.6017146706581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139938925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501898","display_name":"Sharpe ratio","level":3,"score":0.5455451011657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101293273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579716","display_name":"User-generated content","level":3,"score":0.5022118091583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.4510868191719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.35754626989364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33124691247940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.289556086063385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.27756208181381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14700469374656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11328926682472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415150304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-4415150304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18436875","display_name":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce","issn_l":"1086-4415","issn":["1086-4415","1557-9301"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/42264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/42264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"15","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:oid_papers-1238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/oid_papers/72","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/bitstreams/98323974-e410-49da-a4a3-0a961126265f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Operations, Information and Decisions Papers","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:oid_papers-1238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/oid_papers/72","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/bitstreams/98323974-e410-49da-a4a3-0a961126265f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Operations, Information and Decisions Papers","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2095629301.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116863648","https://openalex.org/W1507010987","https://openalex.org/W1577713541","https://openalex.org/W1605255363","https://openalex.org/W1967370444","https://openalex.org/W2015174807","https://openalex.org/W2022467844","https://openalex.org/W2025653905","https://openalex.org/W2030981093","https://openalex.org/W2040097578","https://openalex.org/W2050127261","https://openalex.org/W2065100127","https://openalex.org/W2086645750","https://openalex.org/W2088203776","https://openalex.org/W2096428309","https://openalex.org/W2096552260","https://openalex.org/W2104369951","https://openalex.org/W2105057609","https://openalex.org/W2149640509","https://openalex.org/W2153580489","https://openalex.org/W2159935017","https://openalex.org/W2167598575","https://openalex.org/W2177328942","https://openalex.org/W2220173177","https://openalex.org/W3122522978","https://openalex.org/W3126053622","https://openalex.org/W4251082331","https://openalex.org/W6681994670","https://openalex.org/W6884715456","https://openalex.org/W6988189317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W3207526114","https://openalex.org/W4286908577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80],"phrase":[1],"\"the":[2],"wisdom":[3],"of":[4,19,23,29,40,43,51,65,84,185,208,217,240,312],"crowds\"":[5],"suggests":[6],"that":[7,121,163,201,263],"good":[8],"verdicts":[9],"can":[10,55,122,266,283],"be":[11,56,123,267,284,292,304],"achieved":[12],"by":[13,194,234],"averaging":[14],"the":[15,38,49,73,127,150,158,164,172,195,206,209,212,215,218,226,255,308],"opinions":[16,39,274,282],"and":[17,53,70,82,90,146,181,189,258,279],"insights":[18],"large,":[20],"diverse":[21],"groups":[22],"people":[24,71],"who":[25],"possess":[26],"varied":[27],"types":[28],"information.":[30],"Online":[31],"user-generated":[32,85,105],"content":[33,86],"enables":[34],"researchers":[35],"to":[36,58,75,92,104,125,144,205,250,269,294,306],"view":[37],"large":[41],"numbers":[42],"users":[44,132],"publicly.":[45],"These":[46],"opinions,":[47],"in":[48,183,211,225],"form":[50],"reviews":[52],"votes,":[54],"used":[57,112,124,293,305],"automatically":[59],"generate":[60],"remarkably":[61],"accurate":[62],"verdicts-collective":[63],"estimations":[64],"future":[66],"performance-about":[67],"companies,":[68],"products,":[69],"on":[72,134,169,301],"Web":[74],"resolve":[76],"very":[77],"tough":[78],"problems.":[79],"wealth":[81],"richness":[83],"may":[87,291,303],"enable":[88],"firms":[89],"individuals":[91],"aggregate":[93],"consumer-think":[94],"for":[95,131,175],"better":[96,153],"business":[97],"understanding.":[98],"Our":[99,140],"main":[100],"contribution,":[101],"here":[102],"applied":[103],"stock":[106,154,243],"pick":[107,155,244],"votes":[108,207],"from":[109,253],"a":[110,117,313],"widely":[111],"online":[113,165,298],"financial":[114],"newsletter,":[115],"is":[116],"genetic":[118],"algorithm":[119],"approach":[120,233,265],"identify":[126,145],"appropriate":[128],"vote":[129],"weights":[130],"based":[133],"their":[135],"prior":[136],"individual":[137],"voting":[138],"success.":[139],"method":[141,249],"allows":[142],"us":[143],"rank":[147],"\"experts\"":[148],"within":[149],"crowd,":[151],"enabling":[152],"decisions":[156],"than":[157,171,237],"S&P":[159,173],"500.":[160],"We":[161,230,246,261],"show":[162,200],"crowd":[166],"performs":[167],"better,":[168],"average,":[170],"500":[174],"two":[176],"test":[177,231],"time":[178,228],"periods,":[179],"2008":[180],"2009,":[182],"terms":[184],"both":[186,254],"overall":[187],"returns":[188],"risk-adjusted":[190],"returns,":[191],"as":[192],"measured":[193],"Sharpe":[196],"ratio.":[197],"Furthermore,":[198],"we":[199],"giving":[202],"more":[203,236],"weight":[204],"experts":[210],"crowds":[213],"increases":[214],"accuracy":[216],"verdicts,":[219],"yielding":[220],"an":[221],"even":[222],"greater":[223],"return":[224],"same":[227],"periods.":[229],"our":[232,248,264],"utilizing":[235],"three":[238],"years":[239],"publicly":[241,276],"available":[242,277],"data.":[245],"compare":[247],"approaches":[251],"derived":[252],"computer":[256],"science":[257],"finance":[259],"literature.":[260],"believe":[262],"generalized":[268],"other":[270],"domains":[271],"where":[272,280],"user":[273],"are":[275],"early":[278],"those":[281],"evaluated.":[285],"For":[286],"example,":[287],"YouTube":[288],"video":[289],"ratings":[290,300],"predict":[295,307],"downloads,":[296],"or":[297,310],"reviewer":[299],"Digg":[302],"success":[309],"popularity":[311],"story.":[314]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}