{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998154785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","title":"Comparing Automated Methods to Detect Explicit Content in Song Lyrics","display_name":"Comparing Automated Methods to Detect Explicit Content in Song Lyrics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998154785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","mag":"2998154785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings - Natural Language Processing in a Deep Learning World","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106479","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux et Syst\u00e8mes de Sophia Antipolis","ror":"https://ror.org/01215r597","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I201841394","https://openalex.org/I4210106479","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Syst\u00e8mes de Sophia Antipolis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Syst\u00e8mes de Sophia Antipolis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000252838","display_name":"Michael J. Fell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-7464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Fell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049137879","display_name":"Elena Cabrio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-7872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Cabrio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015073608","display_name":"Michele Corazza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-6635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Corazza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044946197","display_name":"Fabien Gandon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0543-1232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabien Gandon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit Cte d'Azur, CNRS, Inria, I3S, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106479"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3006,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86125905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"338","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.807606041431427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyrics","display_name":"Lyrics","score":0.7434073090553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6824972629547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5556911826133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.48193812370300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43812209367752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.427593469619751}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.807606041431427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602446","display_name":"Lyrics","level":2,"score":0.7434073090553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6824972629547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5556911826133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.48193812370300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43812209367752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.427593469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings - Natural Language Processing in a Deep Learning World","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/801505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/801505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-056-4_039","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings - Natural Language Processing in a Deep Learning World","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6388069114","display_name":"Web Audio and Semantic Aggregated in the Browser for Indexation","funder_award_id":"ANR-16-CE23-0017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G680437002","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NR-16-CE23-0017-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998154785.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998154785.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W2131744502","https://openalex.org/W2755129247","https://openalex.org/W2798742871","https://openalex.org/W2806406752","https://openalex.org/W2889270940","https://openalex.org/W2889438178","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2908323419","https://openalex.org/W2922580172","https://openalex.org/W2933412403","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2954226438","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963481894","https://openalex.org/W3013027210","https://openalex.org/W4242076805","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360952181","https://openalex.org/W2597614303","https://openalex.org/W634160686","https://openalex.org/W4310670065","https://openalex.org/W3214861561","https://openalex.org/W2389838651","https://openalex.org/W437317580","https://openalex.org/W2352995288","https://openalex.org/W2365365224","https://openalex.org/W1532663766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Parental":[1],"Advisory":[2],"Label":[3],"(PAL)":[4],"is":[5,10,59],"a":[6,81,124],"warning":[7],"label":[8],"that":[9,110],"placed":[11],"on":[12,64,118,123],"audio":[13],"recordings":[14],"in":[15,105],"recognition":[16],"of":[17,25,28,70,127,137],"profanity":[18],"or":[19],"inappropriate":[20],"references,":[21],"with":[22,67],"the":[23,68,128,132,138],"intention":[24],"alerting":[26],"parents":[27],"material":[29],"potentially":[30],"unsuitable":[31],"for":[32],"children.":[33],"Since":[34],"2015,":[35],"digital":[36],"providers":[37],"-such":[38],"as":[39,54],"iTunes,":[40],"Spotify,":[41],"Amazon":[42],"Music":[43],"and":[44,50,74,79,121,135],"Deezer":[45],"-also":[46],"follow":[47],"PAL":[48],"guidelines":[49],"tag":[51],"such":[52,57],"tracks":[53],"\"explicit\".":[55],"Nowadays,":[56],"labelling":[58],"carried":[60],"out":[61],"mainly":[62],"manually":[63],"voluntary":[65],"basis,":[66],"drawbacks":[69],"being":[71],"time":[72],"consuming":[73],"therefore":[75],"costly,":[76],"error":[77],"prone":[78],"partly":[80],"subjective":[82],"task.":[83,139],"In":[84],"this":[85,119],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,130],"compare":[88],"automated":[89],"methods":[90],"ranging":[91],"from":[92],"dictionary-based":[93],"lookup":[94],"to":[95,100],"state-of-the-art":[96],"deep":[97],"neural":[98],"networks":[99],"automatically":[101],"detect":[102],"explicit":[103],"contents":[104],"English":[106],"lyrics.":[107],"We":[108],"show":[109],"more":[111],"complex":[112],"models":[113],"perform":[114],"only":[115],"slightly":[116],"better":[117],"task,":[120],"relying":[122],"qualitative":[125],"analysis":[126],"data,":[129],"discuss":[131],"inherent":[133],"hardness":[134],"subjectivity":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}