{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224018374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001","title":"CK-Encoder: Enhanced Language Representation for Sentence Similarity","display_name":"CK-Encoder: Enhanced Language Representation for Sentence Similarity","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224018374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9736195/9745472/09758661.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199319","display_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","issn_l":"2398-7294","issn":["2398-7294"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9736195/9745472/09758661.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101889270","display_name":"Tao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5359-4488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064039653","display_name":"Fengjian Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengjian Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115597121","display_name":"Wei He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-9206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349532","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2121-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050004899","display_name":"Xudong L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-5250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017102724","display_name":"Yonghui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1891-6186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101414718","display_name":"Lizhen Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8262-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhen Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan,China,250101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101889270"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2776,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60993896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"17","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.972599983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.8551167249679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7665372490882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6791317462921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6582692861557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6335271596908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commonsense-knowledge","display_name":"Commonsense knowledge","score":0.5870891213417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5352289080619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4932817816734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.4406391978263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4180881977081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.2699872851371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.17266663908958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08988159894943237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.8551167249679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7665372490882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6791317462921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6582692861557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6335271596908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30542707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1603203","display_name":"Commonsense knowledge","level":3,"score":0.5870891213417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5352289080619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4932817816734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.4406391978263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4180881977081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2699872851371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.17266663908958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08988159894943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9736195/9745472/09758661.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199319","display_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","issn_l":"2398-7294","issn":["2398-7294"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea40b129d33e4a5594f8913cf21b34fa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea40b129d33e4a5594f8913cf21b34fa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 17-22 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26599/ijcs.2022.9100001","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9736195/9745472/09758661.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199319","display_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","issn_l":"2398-7294","issn":["2398-7294"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333622","display_name":"Fundamental Research Fund of Shandong University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224018374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224018374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W3035583586","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W2375873920","https://openalex.org/W2384362569","https://openalex.org/W3165136392","https://openalex.org/W2221077171","https://openalex.org/W2901964648","https://openalex.org/W2146114872","https://openalex.org/W2950339735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,99],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"neural":[3],"networks":[4],"have":[5,117],"been":[6],"widely":[7],"used":[8],"in":[9,14,37,73],"natural":[10],"language":[11],"processing,":[12],"especially":[13],"sentence":[15,36,41,68,88,107,114],"similarity":[16,42,69,115],"modeling.":[17,43],"Most":[18],"of":[19,40,54,67,85,130],"the":[20,25,29,34,38,52,65,77,86,95,128],"previous":[21],"studies":[22],"focused":[23],"on":[24,112],"current":[26,35],"sentence,":[27],"ignoring":[28],"commonsense":[30,61,82,124],"knowledge":[31,45,62,83,125],"related":[32],"to":[33,63,126,133],"task":[39],"Commonsense":[44],"can":[46,58,121],"be":[47],"remarkably":[48],"useful":[49],"for":[50],"understanding":[51],"semantics":[53],"sentences.":[55,135],"CK-Encoder,":[56],"which":[57],"effectively":[59,122],"acquire":[60,123],"improve":[64,127],"performance":[66],"modeling,":[70],"is":[71,109],"proposed":[72],"this":[74,91],"paper.":[75],"Specifically,":[76],"model":[78,132],"first":[79],"generates":[80],"a":[81,102,131],"graph":[84,92,96],"input":[87],"and":[89,106],"calculates":[90],"by":[93],"using":[94],"convolution":[97],"network.":[98],"addition,":[100],"CKER,":[101],"framework":[103],"combining":[104],"CK-Encoder":[105,120],"encoder,":[108],"introduced.":[110],"Experiments":[111],"two":[113],"tasks":[116],"demonstrated":[118],"that":[119],"capability":[129],"understand":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
