{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6964143426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25673/110402","title":"An automatic and multi-modal system for continuous pain intensity monitoring based on analyzing data from five sensor modalities","display_name":"An automatic and multi-modal system for continuous pain intensity monitoring based on analyzing data from five sensor modalities","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6964143426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25673/110402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.25673/110402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25673/110402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401651","display_name":"Digitalen Hochschulbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt (Universit\u00e4ts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122374","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e4ts Frauenklinik","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122374"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.25673/110402","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Othman, Ehsan Abdulraheem Mohammed","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Othman, Ehsan Abdulraheem Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.7378000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-monitoring","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-assessment","display_name":"Pain assessment","score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.3314000070095062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.7378000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776902269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165493","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","level":2,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778282284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7124832","display_name":"Pain assessment","level":3,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89231909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165454","display_name":"Continuous assessment","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.25673/110402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25673/110402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401651","display_name":"Digitalen Hochschulbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt (Universit\u00e4ts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122374","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e4ts Frauenklinik","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122374"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.25673/110402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25673/110402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401651","display_name":"Digitalen Hochschulbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt (Universit\u00e4ts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122374","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e4ts Frauenklinik","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122374"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pain":[0,21,147,373,596],"is":[1,14,272,290,299,312,377,382,464],"an":[2,113],"unpleasant":[3],"feeling":[4],"associated":[5],"with":[6,41,45,174,321,538],"tissue":[7],"damage":[8],"or":[9,43,481,485,534,589],"psychological":[10],"factors":[11],"(non-physical).":[12],"It":[13],"a":[15,163,166,200,260,273,302],"reliable":[16,172,234],"indicator":[17],"of":[18,107,119,199,213,215,236,247,318,401,453,496,506],"health":[19],"issues.":[20],"assessment":[22,81],"needs":[23],"to":[24,59,84,87,151,169,210,228,263,314,329,335,354,388,581],"be":[25],"done":[26],"for":[27,116,186,232,414,577],"vulnerable":[28],"patients":[29],"who":[30],"cannot":[31],"self-report":[32],"their":[33,85],"pain,":[34],"such":[35,64],"as":[36],"intensive":[37],"care":[38],"patients,":[39],"people":[40],"dementia,":[42],"adults":[44],"cognitive":[46],"impairment.":[47],"So":[48],"far,":[49],"the":[50,54,145,152,204,211,288,297,316,326,331,342,371,390,395,399,402,465,494,499,512,556,574,594],"current":[51],"methods":[52,65,185,225,241,345,448],"in":[53,144,219,325,352,439,503,593],"clinical":[55],"application":[56],"are":[57,104,160,226,242,350,555,573],"subjected":[58],"biases":[60],"and":[61,77,89,92,101,140,157,165,254,258,283,296,337,348,367,397,412,420,422,426,446,458,479,483,491,522,532,536,542,552,563],"errors;":[62],"moreover,":[63],"do":[66],"not":[67],"facilitate":[68],"continuous":[69,117,237,359],"pain":[70,80,120,187,238,360,408,416,583],"monitoring.":[71],"Therefore,":[72,218],"recent":[73,178],"studies":[74],"have":[75,182],"proposed":[76,183,227,270,344,403],"developed":[78],"automatic":[79,114],"methodologies":[82],"due":[83,150,209],"possibility":[86],"objectively":[88],"robustly":[90],"measure":[91],"monitor":[93],"pain.":[94,108],"Regarding":[95],"medical":[96],"evidence,":[97],"facial":[98,248,323],"expressions,":[99,487,518],"vocalizations,":[100],"physiological":[102,255],"signals":[103],"valid":[105],"indicators":[106],"Hence,":[109],"this":[110,220,230],"thesis":[111],"presents":[112],"system":[115,406],"monitoring":[118,235,358,585],"intensity":[121,361,409,584],"based":[122,243],"on":[123,244],"analyzing":[124],"data":[125,363,376],"from":[126,250,364,370],"five":[127],"sensor":[128,591],"modalities":[129,159,369,476,516,529,554,592],"(frontal":[130],"RGB":[131],"video":[132],"[frontal":[133],"faces],":[134],"audio,":[135,253,488,519],"Electrocardiogram":[136],"[ECG],":[137],"Electromyogram":[138],"[EMG],":[139],"Electrodermal":[141],"Activity":[142],"[EDA])":[143],"X-ITE":[146,372,595],"Database.":[148,374,597],"Further,":[149],"promising":[153],"multi-modality":[154],"fusion,":[155],"two":[156,415,423,528],"all":[158,368,515],"fused":[161],"using":[162,190,259,301,341,362,474,514,527,550,559,587],"model":[164,472,547],"late":[167],"fusion":[168,473,548],"produce":[170],"more":[171,233],"information":[173],"less":[175,322],"uncertainty.":[176],"In":[177,333],"years,":[179],"other":[180],"authors":[181],"automated":[184],"recognition":[188],"by":[189],"features":[191],"that":[192,433,444,462,471,511,545],"were":[193,207,386],"extracted":[194],"independently":[195],"per":[196],"time":[197,256],"series":[198,257],"given":[201],"sequence.":[202],"However,":[203],"obtained":[205,387],"results":[206,576],"poor":[208],"lack":[212],"representation":[214],"movement":[216],"dynamics.":[217],"work,":[221],"three":[222,343],"distinct":[223],"real-time":[224,582],"solve":[229],"problem":[231],"intensity.":[239],"These":[240,571],"classifying":[245],"descriptors":[246],"expressions":[249,478,531],"frontal":[251],"faces,":[252],"sliding-window":[261],"strategy":[262],"obtain":[264],"10s-length":[265],"input":[266],"samples.":[267],"The":[268,308,429],"first":[269],"method":[271,278,305,311],"Random":[274,284],"Forest":[275,280,285],"[RF]":[276],"baseline":[277,575],"(Random":[279],"classifier":[281],"[RFc]":[282],"regression":[286,434],"[RFr]),":[287],"second":[289],"Long-Short":[291],"Term":[292],"Memory":[293],"Network":[294],"(LSTM),":[295],"third":[298],"LSTM":[300,445],"sample":[303,309],"weighting":[304,310],"(called":[306],"LSTM-SW).":[307],"used":[313],"reduce":[315],"weight":[317],"misclassified":[319],"samples":[320],"response":[324],"training":[327],"set":[328],"improve":[330,394],"performance.":[332],"regard":[334],"classification":[336,438],"regression,":[338],"several":[339],"experiments":[340],"(RF,":[346],"LSTM,":[347],"LSTM-SW)":[349],"conducted":[351],"order":[353],"gain":[355],"insights":[356],"into":[357,379],"single,":[365],"two,":[366],"Before":[375],"fed":[378],"models,":[380],"it":[381],"pre-processed;":[383],"11":[384,507],"datasets":[385,562],"simplify":[389],"imbalanced":[391,440,539,561],"database":[392],"problem,":[393],"results,":[396],"generalize":[398],"capability":[400],"system.":[404],"This":[405],"recognizes":[407],"(low,":[410],"moderate,":[411],"severe)":[413],"stimulus":[417],"types":[418],"(phasic":[419],"tonic)":[421],"qualities":[424],"(heat":[425],"electrical":[427],"stimuli).":[428],"results:":[430],"(1)":[431],"report":[432],"performs":[435],"better":[436],"than":[437],"datasets,":[441,508,541],"(2)":[442],"show":[443,544],"LSTM-SW":[447],"outperform":[449,524],"significantly":[450,502],"guessing":[451],"(majority":[452],"votes":[454],"=":[455],"no":[456],"pain)":[457],"RF,":[459],"(3)":[460],"emphasize":[461],"EDA":[463,553],"best":[466,557],"single":[467,497,588],"modality,":[468],"(4)":[469],"confirm":[470],"multiple":[475,590],"([facial":[477,530],"EDA]":[480,484,533],"[EMG":[482,535],"[facial":[486],"ECG,":[489,520],"EMG,":[490,521],"EDA])":[492,537],"overcomes":[493],"limitations":[495],"modalities,":[498],"performance":[500],"improves":[501],"10":[504],"out":[505],"(5)":[509],"present":[510],"models":[513,526,549],"(facial":[517],"EDA)":[523],"those":[525],"tonic":[540],"(6)":[543],"most":[546],"EMG":[551],"when":[558],"phasic":[560],"Heat":[564],"Tonic":[565],"Dataset":[566],"[HTD]":[567],"(almost":[568],"balanced":[569],"dataset).":[570],"findings":[572],"future":[578],"research":[579],"related":[580],"systems":[586]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}