{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947292565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2019/15117","title":"Seeing the Forest <i>and</i> the Trees: A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents to Information Security Policy Compliance1","display_name":"Seeing the Forest <i>and</i> the Trees: A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents to Information Security Policy Compliance1","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947292565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2019/15117","mag":"2947292565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.25300/misq/2019/15117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2019/15117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57293258","display_name":"MIS Quarterly","issn_l":"0276-7783","issn":["0276-7783","2162-9730"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4327875293","host_organization_name":"MIS Quarterly","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4327875293"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["MIS Quarterly"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MIS Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021345712","display_name":"W. Alec Cram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5819-3074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139924743","display_name":"Bentley University","ror":"https://ror.org/01px48m89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139924743"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Alec Cram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bentley University, 175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA 02452 U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bentley University, 175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA 02452 U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139924743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103175402","display_name":"John D\u2019Arcy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0286-5772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John D\u2019Arcy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting and MIS, University of Delaware, 356 Purnell Hall Newark, DE 19716 U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting and MIS, University of Delaware, 356 Purnell Hall Newark, DE 19716 U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047608770","display_name":"Jeffrey Gainer Proudfoot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139924743","display_name":"Bentley University","ror":"https://ror.org/01px48m89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139924743"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey G. Proudfoot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bentley University, 175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA 02452 U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bentley University, 175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA 02452 U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139924743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":50.7842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":309,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99839419,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"525","last_page":"553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.7852066159248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.6189327239990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5629359483718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-policy","display_name":"Security policy","score":0.46617913246154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.4323587417602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.42844662070274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.36603301763534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3366657793521881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.29946160316467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2832333445549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.21466699242591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14941948652267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1172156035900116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7852066159248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.6189327239990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5629359483718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.46617913246154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4323587417602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.42844662070274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.36603301763534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3366657793521881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.29946160316467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2832333445549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21466699242591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14941948652267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1172156035900116}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.25300/misq/2019/15117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2019/15117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57293258","display_name":"MIS Quarterly","issn_l":"0276-7783","issn":["0276-7783","2162-9730"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4327875293","host_organization_name":"MIS Quarterly","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4327875293"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["MIS Quarterly"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MIS Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1188413835","https://openalex.org/W1602619638","https://openalex.org/W2024419606","https://openalex.org/W2076538849","https://openalex.org/W2091106293","https://openalex.org/W2170899042","https://openalex.org/W6601076936","https://openalex.org/W6601558376","https://openalex.org/W6602466521","https://openalex.org/W6603214001","https://openalex.org/W6604518191","https://openalex.org/W6605279949","https://openalex.org/W6607378716","https://openalex.org/W6610915664","https://openalex.org/W6627014256","https://openalex.org/W6627841739","https://openalex.org/W6629461734","https://openalex.org/W6630135568","https://openalex.org/W6630943235","https://openalex.org/W6633716900","https://openalex.org/W6633750300","https://openalex.org/W6635064502","https://openalex.org/W6639270240","https://openalex.org/W6639442136","https://openalex.org/W6639832375","https://openalex.org/W6641353453","https://openalex.org/W6641528646","https://openalex.org/W6642942750","https://openalex.org/W6645678626","https://openalex.org/W6646179832","https://openalex.org/W6646996160","https://openalex.org/W6648930480","https://openalex.org/W6649643229","https://openalex.org/W6650296891","https://openalex.org/W6652114841","https://openalex.org/W6653046374","https://openalex.org/W6653352850","https://openalex.org/W6653693393","https://openalex.org/W6653737763","https://openalex.org/W6654588379","https://openalex.org/W6655930350","https://openalex.org/W6657302340","https://openalex.org/W6657373629","https://openalex.org/W6657802025","https://openalex.org/W6658066180","https://openalex.org/W6659616161","https://openalex.org/W6661052770","https://openalex.org/W6662717751","https://openalex.org/W6663156813","https://openalex.org/W6663608111","https://openalex.org/W6663813750","https://openalex.org/W6663855623","https://openalex.org/W6664550460","https://openalex.org/W6665157992","https://openalex.org/W6668394595","https://openalex.org/W6668691640","https://openalex.org/W6669370932","https://openalex.org/W6669842367","https://openalex.org/W6670605965","https://openalex.org/W6671902620","https://openalex.org/W6672300911","https://openalex.org/W6673503713","https://openalex.org/W6674442866","https://openalex.org/W6675028442","https://openalex.org/W6675138215","https://openalex.org/W6676235441","https://openalex.org/W6677399090","https://openalex.org/W6677771645","https://openalex.org/W6677803703","https://openalex.org/W6678213541","https://openalex.org/W6678372069","https://openalex.org/W6679554276","https://openalex.org/W6679761561","https://openalex.org/W6680178558","https://openalex.org/W6680186005","https://openalex.org/W6680916666","https://openalex.org/W6682192546","https://openalex.org/W6682313507","https://openalex.org/W6682812933","https://openalex.org/W6683127601","https://openalex.org/W6683416643","https://openalex.org/W6684191878","https://openalex.org/W6684381896","https://openalex.org/W6685229644","https://openalex.org/W6693895160","https://openalex.org/W6703166790","https://openalex.org/W6719666209","https://openalex.org/W6731926207","https://openalex.org/W6732929300","https://openalex.org/W6741576350","https://openalex.org/W6746060315","https://openalex.org/W6747575434","https://openalex.org/W6754487117","https://openalex.org/W6757230042","https://openalex.org/W6763725496","https://openalex.org/W6764493504","https://openalex.org/W6771652962","https://openalex.org/W6773447539","https://openalex.org/W6788910947","https://openalex.org/W7000204882","https://openalex.org/W7015997959","https://openalex.org/W7017540358","https://openalex.org/W7027127307","https://openalex.org/W7067492653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2410395228","https://openalex.org/W3125941065","https://openalex.org/W2142515455","https://openalex.org/W2481421941","https://openalex.org/W2380583381","https://openalex.org/W2049188895","https://openalex.org/W4285359482","https://openalex.org/W3152251045","https://openalex.org/W2263437148","https://openalex.org/W2394303444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,105],"rich":[1],"stream":[2],"of":[3,21,39,59,71,114,137],"research":[4,159],"has":[5],"identified":[6],"numerous":[7],"antecedents":[8,58],"to":[9,34,125,168],"employee":[10],"compliance":[11,63,141,172],"(and":[12],"noncompliance)":[13],"with":[14,94],"information":[15],"security":[16,61,95,119,139,170],"policies.":[17],"However,":[18],"the":[19,28,56,72,111,138],"number":[20],"competing":[22],"theoretical":[23,48,147],"perspectives":[24],"and":[25,50,89,161],"inconsistencies":[26],"in":[27,64,117,157],"reported":[29],"findings":[30,150],"have":[31],"hampered":[32],"efforts":[33,156],"attain":[35],"a":[36,53,69,129,164],"clear":[37],"understanding":[38],"what":[40],"truly":[41],"drives":[42],"this":[43,47,158],"behavior.":[44],"To":[45],"address":[46],"stalemate":[49],"build":[51],"toward":[52],"consensus":[54],"on":[55,76],"key":[57],"employees\u2019":[60],"policy":[62,96,120,140,171],"different":[65],"contexts,":[66],"we":[67,80],"conducted":[68],"meta-analysis":[70],"relevant":[73],"literature.":[74],"Drawing":[75],"95":[77],"empirical":[78],"papers,":[79],"classified":[81],"401":[82],"independent":[83],"variables":[84],"into":[85],"17":[86],"distinct":[87],"categories":[88],"analyzed":[90],"each":[91,115],"category\u2019s":[92],"relationship":[93],"compliance,":[97,121],"including":[98],"an":[99],"analysis":[100,109],"for":[101,166],"possible":[102],"domain-specific":[103],"moderators.":[104],"meta-analytic":[106],"relative":[107,112],"weight":[108],"determined":[110],"importance":[113],"category":[116],"predicting":[118],"while":[122],"adding":[123],"robustness":[124],"our":[126,132],"findings.":[127],"At":[128],"broad":[130],"level,":[131],"results":[133],"suggest":[134],"that":[135],"much":[136],"literature":[142],"is":[143],"plagued":[144],"by":[145],"suboptimal":[146],"framing.":[148],"Our":[149],"can":[151],"facilitate":[152],"more":[153],"refined":[154],"theory-building":[155],"domain":[160],"serve":[162],"as":[163],"guide":[165],"practitioners":[167],"manage":[169],"initiatives.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2019-06-07T00:00:00"}