{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2064041523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2573","title":"Towards Certification of Autonomous Unmanned Aircraft Using Formal Model Checking and Simulation","display_name":"Towards Certification of Autonomous Unmanned Aircraft Using Formal Model Checking and Simulation","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2064041523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2573","mag":"2064041523"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2012-2573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306513317","display_name":"Infotech@Aerospace 2012","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Infotech@Aerospace 2012","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058762497","display_name":"Matt Webster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-6881"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Webster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Engineering Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Engineering Centre","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062521727","display_name":"Neil Cameron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0112-2926"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Cameron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Engineering Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Engineering Centre","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029729668","display_name":"Michael Jump","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-2334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jump","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Liverpool#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Liverpool#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067587488","display_name":"Michael Fisher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0875-3862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Fisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Liverpool#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Liverpool#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4312,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89128187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification","display_name":"Certification","score":0.8574219942092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6613761186599731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.5517706871032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.5299212336540222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.4709661304950714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.43598103523254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4137193262577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3410486578941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22424635291099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20583820343017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.06048199534416199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.8574219942092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6613761186599731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.5517706871032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.5299212336540222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.4709661304950714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.43598103523254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4137193262577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3410486578941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22424635291099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20583820343017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.06048199534416199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2012-2573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306513317","display_name":"Infotech@Aerospace 2012","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Infotech@Aerospace 2012","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.297.1450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.297.1450","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cgi.csc.liv.ac.uk/~matt/pubs/infotech2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320323","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322431","display_name":"Northwest Regional Development Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/01ka4j351"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","ror":"https://ror.org/057g20z61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W360440500","https://openalex.org/W986072625","https://openalex.org/W1498432697","https://openalex.org/W1522223086","https://openalex.org/W1528130211","https://openalex.org/W1575486920","https://openalex.org/W1577525693","https://openalex.org/W1608490958","https://openalex.org/W1854077177","https://openalex.org/W1993466996","https://openalex.org/W2020787985","https://openalex.org/W2062498710","https://openalex.org/W2080593426","https://openalex.org/W2096878398","https://openalex.org/W2134991157","https://openalex.org/W2145790759","https://openalex.org/W2149659539","https://openalex.org/W2171480813","https://openalex.org/W2188030865","https://openalex.org/W2274565458","https://openalex.org/W2963209892","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2370841479","https://openalex.org/W1528130211","https://openalex.org/W2295057953","https://openalex.org/W178421615","https://openalex.org/W3184660859","https://openalex.org/W1491729962","https://openalex.org/W1483829320","https://openalex.org/W1539212946","https://openalex.org/W113724497","https://openalex.org/W2958069676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0,24],"aircraft":[1,25,47,62,87,112],"are":[2,106],"expected":[3],"to":[4,35,49,55,79,144,150],"increase":[5],"in":[6,8,33,68,126,157],"use":[7],"civil":[9,59],"applications":[10],"over":[11],"the":[12,17,121,129,133,147,161,180,183],"coming":[13],"years,":[14],"particularly":[15],"for":[16,58,82,110],"so-called":[18],"dull,":[19],"dirty":[20],"and":[21,97,186,207],"dangerous":[22,48],"missions.":[23],"will":[26],"undoubtedly":[27],"require":[28],"some":[29],"form":[30],"of":[31,84,120,128,179,205],"autonomy":[32],"order":[34,54],"ensure":[36],"safe":[37],"operations:":[38],"communications":[39],"failure":[40],"could":[41],"render":[42],"a":[43,69],"completely":[44],"human-piloted":[45],"unmanned":[46,61,86,111],"other":[50],"airspace":[51],"users.":[52],"In":[53,100],"be":[56,114,172,194],"used":[57],"applications,":[60],"must":[63],"gain":[64],"government":[65],"regulatory":[66,158],"approval":[67],"process":[70],"known":[71],"as":[72,154],"certification.":[73],"This":[74],"paper":[75],"presents":[76,140],"an":[77,175,203],"approach":[78],"gathering":[80],"evidence":[81],"certification":[83],"autonomous":[85,104,134],"based":[88],"on":[89],"formal":[90,94],"methods":[91],"(in":[92],"particular":[93],"model":[95,115,145,178,184,191],"checking)":[96],"flight":[98,199],"simulation.":[99],"particular,":[101],"rational":[102],"agent-based":[103],"systems":[105],"examined.":[107],"Rational":[108],"agents":[109,148],"can":[113,171,192],"checked":[116],"using":[117,174],"implicit":[118],"models":[119],"aircraft\u2019s":[122],"physical":[123,151,177,190],"environment":[124,181],"specified":[125],"terms":[127],"different":[130],"sensor":[131],"inputs":[132],"system":[135],"may":[136],"receive.":[137],"However":[138],"this":[139,170,188],"difficulties":[141],"when":[142],"trying":[143],"check":[146],"relative":[149],"quantities":[152],"such":[153],"those":[155],"found":[156],"documents":[159],"like":[160],"CAA":[162],"Air":[163],"Navigation":[164],"Order.":[165],"It":[166],"is":[167,210],"shown":[168],"how":[169,187],"remedied":[173],"explicit":[176,189],"within":[182],"checker,":[185],"itself":[193],"verified":[195],"through":[196],"comparison":[197],"with":[198],"simulations.":[200],"To":[201],"conclude,":[202],"overview":[204],"related":[206],"future":[208],"work":[209],"given.":[211],"Nomenclature":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}