{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174863073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i010970","title":"Computational Missile Guidance: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Computational Missile Guidance: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174863073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i010970","mag":"3174863073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.i010970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i010970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240151","display_name":"Journal of Aerospace Information Systems","issn_l":"2327-3097","issn":["2327-3097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315709","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315709"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Aerospace Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16843","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717587","display_name":"Shaoming He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6432-5187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoming He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6432-5187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001666073","display_name":"Hyo\u2010Sang Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-0370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyo-Sang Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cranfield University, Cranfield, England MK43 0AL, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-0370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cranfield University, Cranfield, England MK43 0AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085012064","display_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cranfield University, Cranfield, England MK43 0AL, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cranfield University, Cranfield, England MK43 0AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":53.3799,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99769121,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"571","last_page":"582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13371","display_name":"Military Defense Systems Analysis","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10173","display_name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics","score":0.9279999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8895106911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7232842445373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missile","display_name":"Missile","score":0.7167246341705322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6470251679420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5505318641662598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5451338887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missile-guidance","display_name":"Missile guidance","score":0.43245869874954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4190221428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.39054349064826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36081254482269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2364826500415802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12556523084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.09090778231620789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8895106911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7232842445373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778857364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974850","display_name":"Missile","level":2,"score":0.7167246341705322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6470251679420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5505318641662598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5451338887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522053795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2335090","display_name":"Missile guidance","level":3,"score":0.43245869874954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4190221428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.39054349064826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36081254482269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2364826500415802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12556523084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.09090778231620789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.i010970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.i010970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240151","display_name":"Journal of Aerospace Information Systems","issn_l":"2327-3097","issn":["2327-3097"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315709","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315709"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Aerospace Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/16843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/16843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168683329","https://openalex.org/W1521072306","https://openalex.org/W1992674596","https://openalex.org/W1993612971","https://openalex.org/W2029460101","https://openalex.org/W2084306305","https://openalex.org/W2085900874","https://openalex.org/W2105070833","https://openalex.org/W2126765277","https://openalex.org/W2132117408","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2156736878","https://openalex.org/W2279055816","https://openalex.org/W2321601876","https://openalex.org/W2589393478","https://openalex.org/W2744533650","https://openalex.org/W2791603948","https://openalex.org/W2900714782","https://openalex.org/W2999854857","https://openalex.org/W3011133888","https://openalex.org/W3035261243","https://openalex.org/W4229813929","https://openalex.org/W4233346531"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W2383389436","https://openalex.org/W2371450404","https://openalex.org/W3003268809","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,34,46,72,83,93],"examine":[4],"the":[5,9,28,36,79,95],"potential":[6],"of":[7,30],"using":[8],"emerging":[10],"deep":[11,65],"reinforcement":[12,31],"learning":[13,32],"techniques":[14],"in":[15],"missile":[16],"guidance":[17,37,56,85,98],"applications.":[18],"To":[19],"this":[20],"end,":[21],"a":[22,48,84],"Markovian":[23],"decision":[24],"process":[25],"that":[26,52,77],"enables":[27],"application":[29],"theory":[33],"solve":[35],"problem":[38],"is":[39,44,70],"formulated.":[40],"A":[41],"heuristic":[42],"way":[43],"used":[45,71],"shape":[47],"proper":[49],"reward":[50],"function":[51],"has":[53],"tradeoff":[54],"between":[55],"accuracy,":[57],"energy":[58],"consumption,":[59],"and":[60],"interception":[61],"time.":[62],"The":[63],"state-of-the-art":[64],"deterministic":[66],"policy":[67,76],"gradient":[68],"algorithm":[69],"learn":[73],"an":[74],"action":[75],"maps":[78],"observed":[80],"engagements":[81],"states":[82],"command.":[86],"Extensive":[87],"empirical":[88],"numerical":[89],"simulations":[90],"are":[91],"performed":[92],"validate":[94],"proposed":[96],"computational":[97],"algorithm.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}