{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063336844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2498/cit.1001427","title":"An Illumination Invariant Accurate Face Recognition with Down Scaling of DCT Coefficients","display_name":"An Illumination Invariant Accurate Face Recognition with Down Scaling of DCT Coefficients","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063336844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2498/cit.1001427","mag":"2063336844"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2498/cit.1001427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2498/cit.1001427","pdf_url":"http://cit.fer.hr/index.php/CIT/article/download/1827/1428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98565333","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Technology","issn_l":"1330-1136","issn":["1330-1136","1846-3908"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314807","host_organization_name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314807"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://cit.fer.hr/index.php/CIT/article/download/1827/1428","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066567677","display_name":"Virendra P. Vishwakarma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4276-8766"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Virendra P. Vishwakarma","raw_affiliation_strings":["virendravishwa@rediffmail.com"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"virendravishwa@rediffmail.com","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039327476","display_name":"Sujata Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2669-8323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191972202","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n9z0v62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujata Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, New Delhi, India","Amity University, Noida, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amity University, Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102924148","display_name":"Mamta Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6701-017X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. N. Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066567677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":450,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":485},"apc_paid":{"value":450,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":485},"fwci":2.5886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9054242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.8093187808990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7535220384597778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.72110915184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6969085335731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.683103084564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6324774622917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.5163313150405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.5131109952926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.508492112159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4863782227039337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.47765839099884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4338458478450775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2835405468940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2015974521636963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.8093187808990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7535220384597778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.72110915184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6969085335731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.683103084564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6324774622917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.5163313150405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.5131109952926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.508492112159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4863782227039337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.47765839099884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4338458478450775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2835405468940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2015974521636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2498/cit.1001427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2498/cit.1001427","pdf_url":"http://cit.fer.hr/index.php/CIT/article/download/1827/1428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98565333","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Technology","issn_l":"1330-1136","issn":["1330-1136","1846-3908"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314807","host_organization_name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314807"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hrcak.srce.hr:59514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/59514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400677","display_name":"Hr\u010dak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia (University Computing Centre)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210104502","host_organization_name":"United Nations University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104502"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of computing and information technology","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2498/cit.1001427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2498/cit.1001427","pdf_url":"http://cit.fer.hr/index.php/CIT/article/download/1827/1428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98565333","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Technology","issn_l":"1330-1136","issn":["1330-1136","1846-3908"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314807","host_organization_name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314807"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324131","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324473","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325737","display_name":"Kurukshetra University","ror":"https://ror.org/019bzvf55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063336844.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063336844.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498915505","https://openalex.org/W1506013575","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1970325335","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2024263369","https://openalex.org/W2063718733","https://openalex.org/W2065520107","https://openalex.org/W2073110496","https://openalex.org/W2099378668","https://openalex.org/W2100115174","https://openalex.org/W2109002458","https://openalex.org/W2110720155","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2118113978","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2124145572","https://openalex.org/W2125732958","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2138987634","https://openalex.org/W2155000092","https://openalex.org/W2164819959","https://openalex.org/W2165916500","https://openalex.org/W2169618946","https://openalex.org/W2171692249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057981026","https://openalex.org/W2256021896","https://openalex.org/W2181573213","https://openalex.org/W2398368608","https://openalex.org/W1990492110","https://openalex.org/W1583737874","https://openalex.org/W2122866860","https://openalex.org/W2024449420","https://openalex.org/W2903465195","https://openalex.org/W2015321244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,192],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,32],"novel":[4],"approach":[5,16],"for":[6,52,170,191,205],"illumination":[7,29,66,161,171,189],"normalization":[8,172],"under":[9,173,187],"varying":[10,36,174],"lighting":[11,175],"conditions":[12],"is":[13,91,180,197],"presented.":[14],"Our":[15],"utilizes":[17],"the":[18,38,56,65,75,102,109,158,168],"fact":[19],"that":[20,145],"discrete":[21],"cosine":[22],"transform":[23],"(DCT)":[24],"low-frequency":[25,57,78],"coefficients":[26,59],"correspond":[27],"to":[28,63,83,182],"variations":[30,190],"in":[31,128,167],"digital":[33],"image.":[34],"Under":[35],"illuminations,":[37],"images":[39,103],"captured":[40],"may":[41],"have":[42,131],"low":[43],"contrast;":[44],"initially":[45],"we":[46],"apply":[47],"histogram":[48],"equalization":[49],"on":[50,101,108,157],"these":[51],"contrast":[53],"stretching.":[54],"Then":[55],"DCT":[58,79,107],"are":[60,82,86,123,164],"scaled":[61],"down":[62,72],"compensate":[64],"variations.":[67,162],"The":[68,89,112,142,194],"value":[69],"of":[70,77],"scaling":[71],"factor":[73],"and":[74,97,115,200],"number":[76],"coefficients,":[80],"which":[81],"be":[84,203],"re-scaled,":[85],"obtained":[87,104,118],"experimentally.":[88],"classification":[90,96,100],"done":[92],"using":[93,119,137],"k-nearest":[94],"neighbor":[95],"nearest":[98],"mean":[99],"by":[105],"inverse":[106],"processed":[110],"coefficients.":[111],"correlation":[113],"coefficient":[114],"Euclidean":[116],"distance":[117,126],"principal":[120],"component":[121],"analysis":[122],"used":[124],"as":[125],"metrics":[127],"classification.":[129],"We":[130],"tested":[132],"our":[133,146],"face":[134,139,153,208],"recognition":[135,154,185,209],"method":[136,147],"Yale":[138],"database":[140],"B.":[141],"results":[143],"show":[144],"performs":[148],"without":[149],"any":[150],"error":[151],"(100%":[152],"performance)":[155],"even":[156],"most":[159],"extreme":[160],"There":[163],"different":[165],"schemes":[166],"literature":[169],"conditions,":[176],"but":[177],"no":[178],"one":[179],"claimed":[181],"give":[183],"100%":[184],"rate":[186],"all":[188],"database.":[193],"proposed":[195],"technique":[196],"computationally":[198],"efficient":[199],"can":[201],"easily":[202],"implemented":[204],"real":[206],"time":[207],"system.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
