{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385767874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/665","title":"Decoding the Underlying Meaning of Multimodal Hateful Memes","display_name":"Decoding the Underlying Meaning of Multimodal Hateful Memes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385767874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/665","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0665.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0665.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045458136","display_name":"Ming Shan Hee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6328-5889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Shan Hee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074674139","display_name":"Wen-Haw Chong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Haw Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089793938","display_name":"Roy Ka-Wei Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1986-7750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy Ka-Wei Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045458136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5336,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97595714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5995","last_page":"6003"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6755144596099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6597995758056641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hatred","display_name":"Hatred","score":0.6529427766799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.573531448841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5616327524185181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5093008279800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5057437419891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4294581413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22069045901298523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6755144596099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6597995758056641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780617971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160232","display_name":"Hatred","level":3,"score":0.6529427766799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.573531448841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5616327524185181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5093008279800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5057437419891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4294581413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22069045901298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/665","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0665.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/665","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0665.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385767874.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154652894","https://openalex.org/W2594633041","https://openalex.org/W2745461083","https://openalex.org/W2936695845","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2967013449","https://openalex.org/W2968124245","https://openalex.org/W3032412857","https://openalex.org/W3034937117","https://openalex.org/W3036120435","https://openalex.org/W3102659883","https://openalex.org/W3118051320","https://openalex.org/W3167118264","https://openalex.org/W3168388144","https://openalex.org/W3174604160","https://openalex.org/W3185758730","https://openalex.org/W3195130895","https://openalex.org/W3196454747","https://openalex.org/W3199394329","https://openalex.org/W3201622928","https://openalex.org/W4224320265","https://openalex.org/W4285606948","https://openalex.org/W4287854979","https://openalex.org/W4287855069","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4297816851","https://openalex.org/W4304098689","https://openalex.org/W4307106676","https://openalex.org/W4385573042","https://openalex.org/W4386566679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2000169967","https://openalex.org/W4399363378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2],"proposed":[3,17],"models":[4,18,136,169],"that":[5,24,53,116],"yielded":[6],"promising":[7],"performance":[8,131],"for":[9,37,58],"the":[10,26,31,38,46,103,129,143,149,152],"hateful":[11,42,50,77,98,105,125],"meme":[12,43,51,88,99],"classification":[13,32],"task.":[14,139],"Nevertheless,":[15],"these":[16],"do":[19],"not":[20],"generate":[21,120],"interpretable":[22],"explanations":[23,57,65],"uncover":[25],"underlying":[27,104,121],"meaning":[28],"and":[29,68,74,127,162,167],"support":[30],"output.":[33],"A":[34],"major":[35],"reason":[36],"lack":[39],"of":[40,48,132,145,151],"explainable":[41],"methods":[44],"is":[45,94],"absence":[47],"a":[49,95,111],"dataset":[52,100,166],"contains":[54],"ground":[55],"truth":[56],"benchmarking":[59],"or":[60],"training.":[61],"Intuitively,":[62],"having":[63],"such":[64],"can":[66],"educate":[67],"assist":[69],"content":[70],"moderators":[71],"in":[72,157,160],"interpreting":[73],"removing":[75],"flagged":[76],"memes.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"address":[81],"this":[82,138],"research":[83],"gap":[84],"by":[85,147],"introducing":[86],"Hateful":[87],"with":[89,102],"Reasons":[90],"Dataset":[91],"(HatReD),":[92],"which":[93],"new":[96,112,153],"multimodal":[97],"annotated":[101],"contextual":[106],"reasons.":[107],"We":[108,140],"also":[109],"define":[110],"conditional":[113,154],"generation":[114,155],"task":[115,156],"aims":[117],"to":[118,123],"automatically":[119],"reasons":[122],"explain":[124],"memes":[126,159],"establish":[128],"baseline":[130],"state-of-the-art":[133],"pre-trained":[134],"language":[135],"on":[137],"further":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"usefulness":[144],"HatReD":[146],"analyzing":[148],"challenges":[150],"explaining":[158],"seen":[161],"unseen":[163],"domains.":[164],"The":[165],"benchmark":[168],"are":[170],"made":[171],"available":[172],"here:":[173],"https://github.com/Social-AI-Studio/HatRed":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
