{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385768198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/528","title":"Specifying and Testing k-Safety Properties for Machine-Learning Models","display_name":"Specifying and Testing k-Safety Properties for Machine-Learning Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385768198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/528","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0528.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0528.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064181052","display_name":"Maria Christakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-1958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Christakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Wien, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Wien, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010039671","display_name":"Hasan Ferit Eni\u015fer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-8794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Ferit Eniser","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SWS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SWS, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101438664","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-4804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Germany","Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027711113","display_name":"Adish Singla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9922-0668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adish Singla","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SWS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SWS, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087604407","display_name":"Valentin W\u00fcstholz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-1104"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentin W\u00fcstholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["ConsenSys, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ConsenSys, Austria","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0444,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78757415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4748","last_page":"4757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8709293603897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8044047355651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6742132306098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.6057227253913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5992545485496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.5726361870765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5548040270805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loan","display_name":"Loan","score":0.5189247131347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.43245822191238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2869657576084137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8709293603897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8044047355651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6742132306098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6057227253913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5992545485496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5726361870765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5548040270805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777764128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189539","display_name":"Loan","level":2,"score":0.5189247131347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.43245822191238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2869657576084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/528","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0528.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/528","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0528.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3032849772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TRR 248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G890954746","display_name":"TRR 248: Grundlagen verst\u00e4ndlicher SoftwareSysteme  f\u00fcr eine nachvollziehbare cyberphysische Welt","funder_award_id":"389792660","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385768198.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385768198.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2324595780","https://openalex.org/W2543296129","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2730550703","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2753704268","https://openalex.org/W2762833920","https://openalex.org/W2794557536","https://openalex.org/W2794609696","https://openalex.org/W2798356176","https://openalex.org/W2809701591","https://openalex.org/W2859484040","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2893132739","https://openalex.org/W2900153411","https://openalex.org/W2917321477","https://openalex.org/W2963208512","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963913218","https://openalex.org/W2964116855","https://openalex.org/W2980222512","https://openalex.org/W2995858837","https://openalex.org/W3002398329","https://openalex.org/W3008797115","https://openalex.org/W3035671939","https://openalex.org/W3090988182","https://openalex.org/W3102458427","https://openalex.org/W3108851260","https://openalex.org/W3124118940","https://openalex.org/W3129804067","https://openalex.org/W3186246124","https://openalex.org/W3212827451","https://openalex.org/W4230069715","https://openalex.org/W4285490481","https://openalex.org/W4287326412","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4298208958","https://openalex.org/W4302049037","https://openalex.org/W4313154583","https://openalex.org/W4383865118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944277854","https://openalex.org/W2258359646","https://openalex.org/W2493324121","https://openalex.org/W4234402960","https://openalex.org/W4210958110","https://openalex.org/W2483613126","https://openalex.org/W4210994448","https://openalex.org/W4390481443","https://openalex.org/W3097218026","https://openalex.org/W4391528888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine-learning":[0],"models":[1,22,129],"are":[2],"becoming":[3],"increasingly":[4],"prevalent":[5],"in":[6,12,30,71,144,163],"our":[7,159],"lives,":[8],"for":[9,36,127,136,147],"instance":[10],"assisting":[11],"image-classification":[13],"or":[14],"decision-making":[15],"tasks.":[16],"Consequently,":[17],"the":[18,31,92,112,121,132,142],"reliability":[19],"of":[20,24,33,89,124],"these":[21],"is":[23,50,99,114,161],"critical":[25],"importance":[26],"and":[27,38,42,103,130,167],"has":[28],"resulted":[29],"development":[32],"numerous":[34],"approaches":[35],"validating":[37,149],"verifying":[39],"their":[40,104],"robustness":[41],"fairness.":[43],"However,":[44],"beyond":[45],"such":[46,150],"specific":[47],"properties,":[48],"it":[49],"challenging":[51],"to":[52,174],"specify,":[53],"let":[54],"alone":[55],"check,":[56],"general":[57],"functional-correctness":[58,75],"expectations":[59],"from":[60,68],"models.":[61,177],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,119],"take":[66],"inspiration":[67],"specifications":[69],"used":[70,173],"formal":[72],"methods,":[73],"expressing":[74,137],"properties":[76,126,151],"by":[77],"reasoning":[78],"about":[79],"k":[80],"different":[81],"executions---so-called":[82],"k-safety":[83,125],"properties.":[84],"Considering":[85],"a":[86,90,97,101,115,145],"credit-screening":[87],"model":[88],"bank,":[91],"expected":[93],"property":[94,165],"that":[95,158,168],"\"if":[96],"person":[98],"denied":[100,111],"loan":[102],"income":[105],"decreases,":[106],"they":[107],"should":[108],"still":[109],"be":[110,172],"loan\"":[113],"2-safety":[116],"property.":[117],"Here,":[118],"show":[120,157],"wide":[122],"applicability":[123],"machine-learning":[128],"present":[131],"first":[133],"specification":[134],"language":[135,143],"them.":[138],"We":[139],"also":[140],"operationalize":[141],"framework":[146,160],"automatically":[148],"using":[152],"metamorphic":[153],"testing.":[154],"Our":[155],"experiments":[156],"effective":[162],"identifying":[164],"violations,":[166],"detected":[169],"bugs":[170],"could":[171],"train":[175],"better":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}