{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385764164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/407","title":"Automatic Truss Design with Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Automatic Truss Design with Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385764164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/407","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0407.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0407.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101541718","display_name":"Weihua Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8856-0277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102646674","display_name":"Jinglun Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinglun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011646653","display_name":"Chao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6975-0158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100574718","display_name":"Xingcheng Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingcheng Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101218338","display_name":"Zimeng Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zimeng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101310153","display_name":"Siyang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004914789","display_name":"Ruifeng Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6629-967X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124239","display_name":"Shanghai Xiandai Architectural Design","ror":"https://ror.org/036xtjy06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124239"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruifeng Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co. , Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co. , Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320709","display_name":"Zhiyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-283X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103817544","display_name":"Xianzhong Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianzhong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute","Tongji University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025990925","display_name":"Yi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5704-2111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8705,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86969645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3659","last_page":"3667"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9575999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9474999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truss","display_name":"Truss","score":0.9160482883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7038365602493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6382763981819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4707026481628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.44537264108657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4381427764892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3115004897117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17535126209259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.16939383745193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14916959404945374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173534245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328068","display_name":"Truss","level":2,"score":0.9160482883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7038365602493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6382763981819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4707026481628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.44537264108657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4381427764892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3115004897117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17535126209259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.16939383745193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14916959404945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/407","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0407.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/407","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2023/0407.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385764164.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W1703327592","https://openalex.org/W1714211023","https://openalex.org/W1971713783","https://openalex.org/W2020135152","https://openalex.org/W2026801861","https://openalex.org/W2040689520","https://openalex.org/W2042140763","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2230725929","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2342583380","https://openalex.org/W2530166782","https://openalex.org/W2574227367","https://openalex.org/W2607264901","https://openalex.org/W2619690864","https://openalex.org/W2763812437","https://openalex.org/W2766856748","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2805798351","https://openalex.org/W2910802207","https://openalex.org/W2951846985","https://openalex.org/W2952332632","https://openalex.org/W2954834540","https://openalex.org/W2963789568","https://openalex.org/W2995530868","https://openalex.org/W2996204157","https://openalex.org/W3007260078","https://openalex.org/W3007300673","https://openalex.org/W3015616869","https://openalex.org/W3101707147","https://openalex.org/W3111168552","https://openalex.org/W3118642024","https://openalex.org/W3166801429","https://openalex.org/W3170112077","https://openalex.org/W3170194395","https://openalex.org/W3176094907","https://openalex.org/W3203965336","https://openalex.org/W4206089650","https://openalex.org/W4246301683","https://openalex.org/W4280578440","https://openalex.org/W4288419263","https://openalex.org/W4292264010","https://openalex.org/W4296935478","https://openalex.org/W4296973799","https://openalex.org/W4297837632","https://openalex.org/W4312935905","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2955404263","https://openalex.org/W2055188469","https://openalex.org/W2365888646","https://openalex.org/W4238655142","https://openalex.org/W2914493398","https://openalex.org/W2741416590","https://openalex.org/W2729632630","https://openalex.org/W2741963359","https://openalex.org/W2002630260","https://openalex.org/W933396280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Truss":[0],"layout":[1,8,25,51,64,132,166],"design,":[2],"namely":[3],"finding":[4],"a":[5,15,27,58,86,107],"lightweight":[6,93],"truss":[7,50,96,131,165],"satisfying":[9],"all":[10],"the":[11,19,23,62,69,120,144,150,158,164],"physical":[12,70],"constraints,":[13,71],"is":[14,26,53,66,115],"fundamental":[16],"problem":[17],"in":[18,129,136,149,157,163],"building":[20],"industry.":[21],"Generating":[22],"optimal":[24],"challenging":[28,152],"combinatorial":[29],"optimization":[30],"problem,":[31],"which":[32],"can":[33],"be":[34],"extremely":[35],"expensive":[36],"to":[37,49,73,89,105,117],"solve":[38],"by":[39,147],"exhaustive":[40],"search.":[41],"Directly":[42],"applying":[43],"end-to-end":[44],"reinforcement":[45],"learning":[46],"(RL)":[47],"methods":[48],"design":[52,133,167],"infeasible":[54],"either,":[55],"since":[56],"only":[57],"tiny":[59],"portion":[60],"of":[61,110],"entire":[63],"space":[65],"valid":[67,95,111,121],"under":[68],"leading":[72],"particularly":[74],"sparse":[75],"rewards":[76],"for":[77],"RL":[78,114],"training.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81],"paper,":[82],"we":[83],"develop":[84],"AutoTruss,":[85],"two-stage":[87],"framework":[88],"efficiently":[90],"generate":[91],"both":[92,137],"and":[94,126,139],"layouts.":[97,112],"AutoTruss":[98,142],"first":[99,159],"adopts":[100],"Monte":[101],"Carlo":[102],"tree":[103],"search":[104],"discover":[106],"diverse":[108],"collection":[109],"Then":[113],"applied":[116],"iteratively":[118],"refine":[119],"solutions.":[122],"We":[123],"conduct":[124],"experiments":[125],"ablation":[127],"studies":[128],"popular":[130],"test":[134,154],"cases":[135],"2D":[138],"3D":[140,153],"settings.":[141],"outperforms":[143],"best-reported":[145],"layouts":[146],"25.1%":[148],"most":[151],"cases,":[155],"resulting":[156],"effective":[160],"deep-RL-based":[161],"approach":[162],"literature.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}