{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285600847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/618","title":"UM4: Unified Multilingual Multiple Teacher-Student Model for Zero-Resource Neural Machine Translation","display_name":"UM4: Unified Multilingual Multiple Teacher-Student Model for Zero-Resource Neural Machine Translation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285600847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/618","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0618.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608755","display_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0618.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343820","display_name":"Jian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-012X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University","State Key Lab of Software Development Environment, Beihang University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of Software Development Environment, Beihang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057453970","display_name":"Yuwei Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5022-6468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwei Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113130010","display_name":"Shuming Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1091-1206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuming Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091986042","display_name":"Dongdong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091839641","display_name":"Shuangzhi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-9720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuangzhi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent Cloud Xiaowei"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent Cloud Xiaowei","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073687083","display_name":"Hongcheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6957-4158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongcheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036786337","display_name":"Zhoujun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9603-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhoujun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University","State Key Lab of Software Development Environment, Beihang University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of Software Development Environment, Beihang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014662947","display_name":"Furu Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7810-5852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Furu Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100343820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1518,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80039222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4454","last_page":"4460"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7783451080322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7340558767318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7227796912193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.6677350997924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.6433820128440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5768285393714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.542943000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5183302164077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.5147566795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09830066561698914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7783451080322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7340558767318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7227796912193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.6677350997924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6433820128440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5768285393714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.542943000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5183302164077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.5147566795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09830066561698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/618","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0618.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608755","display_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.04900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04900","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.04900","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/618","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0618.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608755","display_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285600847.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285600847.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171476473","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2169273645","https://openalex.org/W2250646384","https://openalex.org/W2250740667","https://openalex.org/W2550821151","https://openalex.org/W2741917668","https://openalex.org/W2952650870","https://openalex.org/W2963331137","https://openalex.org/W2963736842","https://openalex.org/W2964007535","https://openalex.org/W2970109976","https://openalex.org/W2970858854","https://openalex.org/W2970925270","https://openalex.org/W2972840215","https://openalex.org/W2985204668","https://openalex.org/W3017454464","https://openalex.org/W3101672304","https://openalex.org/W3105038888","https://openalex.org/W3197336992","https://openalex.org/W3199258042","https://openalex.org/W3199890931","https://openalex.org/W4244167344","https://openalex.org/W4287597359","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W2566847733","https://openalex.org/W2122287718","https://openalex.org/W2010336863","https://openalex.org/W2740094425","https://openalex.org/W3204448004","https://openalex.org/W2587602790","https://openalex.org/W3011059803","https://openalex.org/W4378619223","https://openalex.org/W2809655258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"translation":[1,9,19,23,36,92],"tasks":[2],"among":[3],"languages":[4,30],"belong":[5],"to":[6,32,69,87,113],"the":[7,33,40,71,75,85,89,94,110,115,132],"zero-resource":[8,76],"problem":[10],"where":[11],"parallel":[12],"corpora":[13],"are":[14],"unavailable.":[15],"Multilingual":[16,54],"neural":[17],"machine":[18],"(MNMT)":[20],"enables":[21],"one-pass":[22],"using":[24],"shared":[25],"semantic":[26],"space":[27],"for":[28,58,74],"all":[29],"compared":[31],"two-pass":[34],"pivot":[35],"but":[37],"often":[38],"underperforms":[39],"pivot-based":[41],"method.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46],"propose":[47],"a":[48],"novel":[49],"method,":[50],"named":[51],"as":[52],"Unified":[53],"Multiple":[55],"teacher-student":[56],"Model":[57],"NMT":[59],"(UM4).":[60],"Our":[61],"method":[62],"unifies":[63],"source-teacher,":[64],"target-teacher,":[65],"and":[66,81,100],"pivot-teacher":[67,111],"models":[68],"guide":[70],"student":[72,86,116],"model":[73,112,123],"translation.":[77],"The":[78,103],"source":[79,99],"teacher":[80,83],"target":[82,101],"force":[84],"learn":[88],"direct":[90],"source-target":[91],"by":[93,109],"distilled":[95],"knowledge":[96],"on":[97,131],"both":[98],"sides.":[102],"monolingual":[104],"corpus":[105],"is":[106],"further":[107],"leveraged":[108],"enhance":[114],"model.":[117],"Experimental":[118],"results":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"that":[121],"our":[122],"of":[124],"72":[125],"directions":[126],"significantly":[127],"outperforms":[128],"previous":[129],"methods":[130],"WMT":[133],"benchmark.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}