{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285602673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/530","title":"3E-Solver: An Effortless, Easy-to-Update, and End-to-End Solver with Semi-Supervised Learning for Breaking Text-Based Captchas","display_name":"3E-Solver: An Effortless, Easy-to-Update, and End-to-End Solver with Semi-Supervised Learning for Breaking Text-Based Captchas","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285602673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/530","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608755","display_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0530.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081972759","display_name":"Xianwen Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-5295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianwen Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070155692","display_name":"Ruijie Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-8687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruijie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065488679","display_name":"Yanhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7661-3917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIO Security Research, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIO Security Research, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100621400","display_name":"Libo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-4805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Libo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012512740","display_name":"Yijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-0340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIO Security Research, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIO Security Research, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062829885","display_name":"Zhi Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2875-304X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081972759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4393,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6037466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3817","last_page":"3824"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captcha","display_name":"CAPTCHA","score":0.9200500249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8531382083892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.7916262149810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5732624530792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5679057240486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4677700400352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2922937870025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1719198226928711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.9200500249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8531382083892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.7916262149810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5732624530792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5679057240486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4677700400352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2922937870025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1719198226928711}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/530","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608755","display_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/530","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608755","display_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4378240519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QY0703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322999","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G702592328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QY","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322999","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285602673.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285602673.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1056756497","https://openalex.org/W1519087996","https://openalex.org/W1603565383","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1971657180","https://openalex.org/W2085351990","https://openalex.org/W2088301450","https://openalex.org/W2099256741","https://openalex.org/W2105523261","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2592697089","https://openalex.org/W2595089739","https://openalex.org/W2765332150","https://openalex.org/W2794632300","https://openalex.org/W2902521343","https://openalex.org/W2953070460","https://openalex.org/W2958415890","https://openalex.org/W2963742597","https://openalex.org/W3012731629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text-based":[0],"captchas":[1,33,101,135],"are":[2,82],"the":[3,12,17,20,31,86,91,202],"most":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"security":[7,37,198],"mechanism":[8],"currently.":[9],"Due":[10],"to":[11,28,84,99,119,131,170,200],"limitations":[13],"and":[14,42,65,89,140,153,167,204],"specificity":[15],"of":[16,206,212],"segmentation":[18],"algorithm,":[19],"early":[21],"segmentation-based":[22],"attack":[23],"method":[24],"has":[25],"been":[26],"unable":[27],"deal":[29],"with":[30,34,56,96,148],"current":[32,188],"newly":[35],"introduced":[36],"features":[38],"(e.g.,":[39],"occluding":[40],"lines":[41],"overlapping).":[43],"Recently,":[44],"some":[45],"works":[46,70],"have":[47,62],"designed":[48],"captcha":[49,117,189],"solvers":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52,187],"deep":[53],"learning":[54],"methods":[55],"powerful":[57],"feature":[58],"extraction":[59],"capabilities,":[60],"which":[61,160],"greater":[63],"generality":[64],"higher":[66],"accuracy.":[67],"However,":[68],"these":[69,121],"still":[71],"suffer":[72],"from":[73],"two":[74],"main":[75],"intrinsic":[76],"limitations:":[77],"(1)":[78],"many":[79,154],"labor":[80],"costs":[81],"required":[83],"label":[85],"training":[87],"data,":[88],"(2)":[90],"solver":[92,111,147,180],"cannot":[93],"be":[94],"updated":[95],"unlabeled":[97,155],"data":[98],"recognize":[100],"more":[102,172],"accurately.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105,213],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,124,144],"present":[108],"a":[109,149,184],"novel":[110],"using":[112],"improved":[113,158],"FixMatch":[114],"for":[115],"semi-supervised":[116],"recognition":[118],"tackle":[120],"problems.":[122],"Specifically,":[123],"first":[125],"build":[126],"an":[127],"end-to-end":[128],"baseline":[129],"model":[130],"effectively":[132],"break":[133],"text-based":[134,207],"by":[136,157,183],"leveraging":[137],"encoder-decoder":[138],"architecture":[139],"attention":[141],"mechanism.":[142],"Then":[143],"construct":[145],"our":[146,179,194],"few":[150],"labeled":[151],"samples":[152,156],"FixMatch,":[159],"introduces":[161],"teacher":[162],"forcing,":[163],"adaptive":[164],"batch":[165],"normalization,":[166],"consistency":[168],"loss":[169],"achieve":[171],"effective":[173],"training.":[174],"Experiment":[175],"results":[176],"show":[177],"that":[178,193],"outperforms":[181],"state-of-the-arts":[182],"large":[185],"margin":[186],"schemes.":[190],"We":[191],"hope":[192],"work":[195,214],"can":[196],"help":[197],"experts":[199],"revisit":[201],"design":[203],"usability":[205],"captchas.":[208],"The":[209],"source":[210],"code":[211],"is":[215],"available":[216],"at":[217],"https://github.com/SJTU-dxw/3E-Solver-CAPTCHA.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}