{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187358680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","title":"Chop Chop BERT: Visual Question Answering by Chopping VisualBERT\u2019s Heads","display_name":"Chop Chop BERT: Visual Question Answering by Chopping VisualBERT\u2019s Heads","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187358680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","mag":"3187358680"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0092.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0092.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089236331","display_name":"Chenyu Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8946-1668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, China","School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101775948","display_name":"Qi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9883-5000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'An, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'An, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396097","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9218-9132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, China","School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060958969","display_name":"Qi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-256X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"664","last_page":"670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.8333117365837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7791797518730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7784569263458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5747740268707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.48474857211112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4767816364765167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.46954068541526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4352197051048279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1541062891483307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09209796786308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0872335433959961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.8333117365837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7791797518730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7784569263458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5747740268707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.48474857211112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4767816364765167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.46954068541526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4352197051048279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1541062891483307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09209796786308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0872335433959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0092.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/92","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0092.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4568926294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19B2037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6443806977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7345484016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.U19B2037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187358680.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187358680.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1889081078","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2277195237","https://openalex.org/W2439787475","https://openalex.org/W2529436507","https://openalex.org/W2597425697","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2917049430","https://openalex.org/W2952902402","https://openalex.org/W2963770662","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2964118342","https://openalex.org/W2966715458","https://openalex.org/W2968124245","https://openalex.org/W2969876226","https://openalex.org/W2970231061","https://openalex.org/W2975501350","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W3016211260","https://openalex.org/W3034961030","https://openalex.org/W4288347855","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381058564","https://openalex.org/W3003945460","https://openalex.org/W4388937922","https://openalex.org/W4288267738","https://openalex.org/W4288365749","https://openalex.org/W2964413124","https://openalex.org/W2936497627","https://openalex.org/W3013624417","https://openalex.org/W4287826556","https://openalex.org/W3113264705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision-and-Language":[0],"(VL)":[1],"pre-training":[2],"has":[3],"shown":[4,118],"great":[5],"potential":[6],"on":[7,63,108,150,202],"many":[8],"related":[9],"downstream":[10],"tasks,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,34],"Visual":[14],"Question":[15],"Answering":[16],"(VQA),":[17],"one":[18],"of":[19,29,74,87,111,124,166,187],"the":[20,25,46,72,120,125,167,185,188,196,203],"most":[21],"popular":[22],"problems":[23],"in":[24,67,79,119],"VL":[26],"field.":[27],"All":[28],"these":[30,60],"pre-trained":[31,99],"models":[32,61,81],"(such":[33],"VisualBERT,":[35],"ViLBERT,":[36],"LXMERT":[37],"and":[38,53,58,77,105,132,164],"UNITER)":[39],"are":[40,134],"built":[41],"with":[42,140,175],"Transformer,":[43],"which":[44],"extends":[45],"classical":[47],"attention":[48],"mechanism":[49],"to":[50,113],"multiple":[51],"layers":[52,78,133,142,165],"heads.":[54],"To":[55],"investigate":[56],"why":[57],"how":[59],"work":[62],"VQA":[64,204],"so":[65],"well,":[66],"this":[68,151],"paper":[69],"we":[70,90,153],"explore":[71],"roles":[73],"individual":[75],"heads":[76,94,131,163],"Transformer":[80],"when":[82,173],"handling":[83],"12":[84],"different":[85,109,130,137,176],"types":[86],"questions.":[88,148,177],"Specifically,":[89],"manually":[91],"remove":[92,162],"(chop)":[93],"(or":[95],"layers)":[96],"from":[97],"a":[98,103,155],"VisualBERT":[100,168],"model":[101,190],"at":[102,169],"time,":[104],"test":[106],"it":[107],"levels":[110],"questions":[112],"record":[114],"its":[115],"performance.":[116],"As":[117],"interesting":[121],"echelon":[122],"shape":[123],"result":[126],"matrices,":[127],"experiments":[128],"reveal":[129],"responsible":[135],"for":[136],"question":[138],"types,":[139],"higher-level":[141,145],"activated":[143],"by":[144,191,198],"visual":[146],"reasoning":[147],"Based":[149],"observation,":[152],"design":[154],"dynamic":[156,179],"chopping":[157,180],"module":[158,181],"that":[159],"can":[160,182],"automatically":[161],"an":[170],"instance":[171],"level":[172],"dealing":[174],"Our":[178],"effectively":[183],"reduce":[184],"parameters":[186],"original":[189],"50%,":[192],"while":[193],"only":[194],"damaging":[195],"accuracy":[197],"less":[199],"than":[200],"1%":[201],"task.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
