{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191974319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","title":"Explaining Self-Supervised Image Representations with Visual Probing","display_name":"Explaining Self-Supervised Image Representations with Visual Probing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191974319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","mag":"3191974319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0082.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0082.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023117647","display_name":"Dominika Basaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-3517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominika Basaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tooploox","Warsaw University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tooploox","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warsaw University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055414979","display_name":"Witold Oleszkiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7234-393X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Witold Oleszkiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warsaw University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warsaw University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077861707","display_name":"Igor Sieradzki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126596746","display_name":"Jagiellonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bqmcz70","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igor Sieradzki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026834372","display_name":"Micha\u0142 G\u00f3rszczak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3695-0975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126596746","display_name":"Jagiellonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bqmcz70","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 G\u00f3rszczak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037137601","display_name":"Barbara Rychalska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2336-5347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Rychalska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Synerise","Warsaw University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synerise","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warsaw University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070627781","display_name":"T. P. Trzcinski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1486-8906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126596746","display_name":"Jagiellonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bqmcz70","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Trzcinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University","Tooploox","Warsaw University of Technology","Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University; Warsaw University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tooploox","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warsaw University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University; Warsaw University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487","https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058095594","display_name":"Bartosz Zieli\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-3621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126596746","display_name":"Jagiellonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bqmcz70","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bartosz Zieli\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ardigen","Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ardigen","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126596746"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4554,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84159933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"592","last_page":"598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8051218390464783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6791834831237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.509765088558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5092569589614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5082204341888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4864937663078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4520168900489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4472815692424774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.411738783121109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.16860386729240417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8051218390464783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6791834831237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.509765088558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5092569589614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5082204341888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4864937663078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4520168900489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4472815692424774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.411738783121109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.16860386729240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0082.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ruj.uj.edu.pl:item/284703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/284703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400316","display_name":"Homo Politicus (Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publikacja pokonferencyjna"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/82","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0082.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3622945703","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"POIR.04.04.00-00-14DE/18-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321042","funder_display_name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5214980857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"POIR.04.04.00-00-14DE/18-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321042","display_name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej","ror":"https://ror.org/048zd9m77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322637","display_name":"Politechnika Warszawska","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322650","display_name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191974319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191974319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484228140","https://openalex.org/W1897550784","https://openalex.org/W1933349210","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2563399268","https://openalex.org/W2799124508","https://openalex.org/W2891612330","https://openalex.org/W2952502547","https://openalex.org/W2953073956","https://openalex.org/W2954540134","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963374347","https://openalex.org/W2963483561","https://openalex.org/W2964204621","https://openalex.org/W2970030610","https://openalex.org/W2971019533","https://openalex.org/W2989929945","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3030520226","https://openalex.org/W3034676907","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3035628711","https://openalex.org/W3036224891","https://openalex.org/W3036982689","https://openalex.org/W3093070351","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3099178230","https://openalex.org/W3100859887","https://openalex.org/W4301785137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W1872130062","https://openalex.org/W2294819745","https://openalex.org/W4226172683","https://openalex.org/W2293457016","https://openalex.org/W159132833","https://openalex.org/W3210156800","https://openalex.org/W3162567751","https://openalex.org/W1806995473","https://openalex.org/W2977842567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently":[0],"introduced":[1],"self-supervised":[2,26,44,102],"methods":[3],"for":[4,41,122],"image":[5,65],"representation":[6],"learning":[7,126],"provide":[8],"on":[9],"par":[10],"or":[11],"superior":[12],"results":[13],"to":[14,23,73],"their":[15],"fully":[16],"supervised":[17],"competitors,":[18],"yet":[19,119],"the":[20,25,43,90,98],"corresponding":[21],"efforts":[22],"explain":[24],"approaches":[27],"lag":[28],"behind.":[29],"Motivated":[30],"by":[31,46],"this":[32],"observation,":[33],"we":[34,68],"introduce":[35],"a":[36,70,136],"novel":[37],"visual":[38,83],"probing":[39,48,57],"framework":[40],"explaining":[42,101],"models":[45,127],"leveraging":[47],"tasks":[49,58],"employed":[50],"previously":[51],"in":[52,79,97],"natural":[53,77],"language":[54,78,111],"processing.":[55],"The":[56],"require":[59],"knowledge":[60],"about":[61],"semantic":[62],"relationships":[63],"between":[64,110],"parts.":[66],"Hence,":[67],"propose":[69],"systematic":[71],"approach":[72],"obtain":[74],"analogs":[75,96],"of":[76,94,100,130,138],"vision,":[80],"such":[81],"as":[82,116],"words,":[84],"context,":[85],"and":[86,92,112,144],"taxonomy.":[87],"We":[88],"show":[89],"effectiveness":[91],"applicability":[93],"those":[95],"context":[99],"representations.":[103],"Our":[104,133],"key":[105],"findings":[106],"emphasize":[107],"that":[108],"relations":[109],"vision":[113],"can":[114],"serve":[115],"an":[117],"effective":[118],"intuitive":[120],"tool":[121],"discovering":[123],"how":[124],"machine":[125],"work,":[128],"independently":[129],"data":[131],"modality.":[132],"work":[134],"opens":[135],"plethora":[137],"research":[139],"pathways":[140],"towards":[141],"more":[142],"explainable":[143],"transparent":[145],"AI.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
