{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091004435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","title":"Efficient Black-Box Planning Using Macro-Actions with Focused Effects","display_name":"Efficient Black-Box Planning Using Macro-Actions with Focused Effects","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091004435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","mag":"3091004435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0554.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0554.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061301686","display_name":"Cameron Allen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9954-6684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175594653","display_name":"John Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ct41q97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cameron Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University","IBM Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004109655","display_name":"Michael Katz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-2286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175594653","display_name":"John Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ct41q97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research","Brown University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074288533","display_name":"Tim Klinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Klinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research","IBM research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078124517","display_name":"George Konidaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4460-2519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175594653","display_name":"John Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ct41q97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Konidaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037927240","display_name":"Matthew Riemer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Riemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research","IBM research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113551673","display_name":"Gerald Tesauro","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Tesauro","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research","IBM research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM research","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061301686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.14,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51431928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4024","last_page":"4031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.8905249834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.8450075387954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.7367528676986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6916629076004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6596773266792297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5665724873542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5633725523948669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3678267300128937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2637242078781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13511201739311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12446227669715881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.8905249834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.8450075387954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.7367528676986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6916629076004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6596773266792297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5665724873542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5633725523948669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3678267300128937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2637242078781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13511201739311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12446227669715881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0554.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.13242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.13242","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.13242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.13242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2004.13242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3091004435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/554","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0554.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2694382171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2699","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","funder_display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504108201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4751570384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4-17-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8105294677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2699","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309070","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3091004435.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3091004435.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58125042","https://openalex.org/W589604831","https://openalex.org/W1545688112","https://openalex.org/W1589332181","https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W2046737888","https://openalex.org/W2057188589","https://openalex.org/W2061146398","https://openalex.org/W2110415190","https://openalex.org/W2119709400","https://openalex.org/W2143303446","https://openalex.org/W2160927913","https://openalex.org/W2291079750","https://openalex.org/W2337392266","https://openalex.org/W2401523698","https://openalex.org/W2499811908","https://openalex.org/W2566153047","https://openalex.org/W2604381966","https://openalex.org/W2605098186","https://openalex.org/W2737727410","https://openalex.org/W2740036433","https://openalex.org/W2960567166","https://openalex.org/W3006576697","https://openalex.org/W3037740263","https://openalex.org/W3101355526","https://openalex.org/W3103279638","https://openalex.org/W3106271432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W48407732","https://openalex.org/W29112268","https://openalex.org/W2496413595","https://openalex.org/W1486994959","https://openalex.org/W98262826","https://openalex.org/W2908112216","https://openalex.org/W2116541436","https://openalex.org/W2549770962","https://openalex.org/W2242295835","https://openalex.org/W1536894604","https://openalex.org/W327601019","https://openalex.org/W2189270353","https://openalex.org/W2185326493","https://openalex.org/W3127140356","https://openalex.org/W2128445997","https://openalex.org/W2138642981","https://openalex.org/W2038912820","https://openalex.org/W2185536273","https://openalex.org/W2250058390","https://openalex.org/W56193866"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"difficulty":[1],"of":[2,25,86,111],"deterministic":[3],"planning":[4,11,39,105,112],"increases":[5],"exponentially":[6],"with":[7,75,92,119],"search-tree":[8],"depth.":[9],"Black-box":[10],"presents":[12],"an":[13,22],"even":[14,116],"greater":[15],"challenge,":[16],"since":[17],"planners":[18,118],"must":[19],"operate":[20],"without":[21],"explicit":[23],"model":[24],"the":[26,65,93,97],"domain.":[27],"Heuristics":[28],"can":[29],"make":[30,64],"search":[31],"more":[32,68],"efficient,":[33],"but":[34],"goal-aware":[35],"heuristics":[36],"for":[37,73],"black-box":[38,104],"usually":[40],"rely":[41],"on":[42],"goal":[43],"counting,":[44],"which":[45,89],"is":[46],"often":[47],"quite":[48],"uninformative.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51,58],"work,":[52],"we":[53],"show":[54],"how":[55],"to":[56,121],"overcome":[57],"limitation":[59],"by":[60,96],"discovering":[61],"macro-actions":[62,74],"that":[63,80],"goal-count":[66,98],"heuristic":[67],"accurate.":[69],"Our":[70],"approach":[71],"searches":[72],"focused":[76],"effects":[77],"(i.e.":[78],"macros":[79,101],"modify":[81],"only":[82],"a":[83,108,122],"small":[84],"number":[85],"state":[87],"variables),":[88],"align":[90],"well":[91],"assumptions":[94],"made":[95],"heuristic.":[99],"Focused":[100],"dramatically":[102],"improve":[103],"efficiency":[106],"across":[107],"wide":[109],"range":[110],"domains,":[113],"sometimes":[114],"beating":[115],"state-of-the-art":[117],"access":[120],"full":[123],"domain":[124],"model.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
