{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080323172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","title":"GraphReach: Position-Aware Graph Neural Network using Reachability Estimations","display_name":"GraphReach: Position-Aware Graph Neural Network using Reachability Estimations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080323172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","mag":"3080323172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0211.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0211.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071592774","display_name":"Sunil Nishad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Nishad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India","Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026866119","display_name":"Shubhangi Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4405-4833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubhangi Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India","Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103014125","display_name":"Arnab Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-0788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnab Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India","Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054697900","display_name":"Sayan Ranu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4147-9372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayan Ranu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India","Indian institute of Technology Delhi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian institute of Technology Delhi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071592774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5599,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71535683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1527","last_page":"1533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reachability","display_name":"Reachability","score":0.9121456742286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6604108810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6138466000556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6039254665374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5592808723449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5576514601707458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.553915798664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greedy-algorithm","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","score":0.5234469771385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5046652555465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4572216868400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41236376762390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3400750160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2510908246040344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.9121456742286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6604108810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6138466000556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6039254665374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5592808723449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5576514601707458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.553915798664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5234469771385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5046652555465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4572216868400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41236376762390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3400750160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2510908246040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0211.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.09657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.09657","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.09657","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3080323172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.09657.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.09657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2008.09657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/211","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0211.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080323172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080323172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497953515","https://openalex.org/W1680189815","https://openalex.org/W2002470750","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2099438806","https://openalex.org/W2108614537","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2735272571","https://openalex.org/W2752885492","https://openalex.org/W2789673309","https://openalex.org/W2946721323","https://openalex.org/W2948412143","https://openalex.org/W2952575904","https://openalex.org/W2962711740","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2963858333","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2971542065","https://openalex.org/W2996592317","https://openalex.org/W3002259362","https://openalex.org/W3002481460","https://openalex.org/W3093814892","https://openalex.org/W3100646853","https://openalex.org/W3101871847","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3105358895","https://openalex.org/W3106318401","https://openalex.org/W6644310854","https://openalex.org/W6667169455","https://openalex.org/W6752333115","https://openalex.org/W6803771590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048154361","https://openalex.org/W3023438952","https://openalex.org/W3202808313","https://openalex.org/W3026224528","https://openalex.org/W3176894340","https://openalex.org/W3196983225","https://openalex.org/W3214714397","https://openalex.org/W3094685828","https://openalex.org/W3080510905","https://openalex.org/W3095454939","https://openalex.org/W3106997961","https://openalex.org/W2998313947","https://openalex.org/W3025936138","https://openalex.org/W3022669437","https://openalex.org/W3130747874","https://openalex.org/W3138828341","https://openalex.org/W3166679531","https://openalex.org/W2964282455","https://openalex.org/W3033495140","https://openalex.org/W3204153209"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Majority":[0],"of":[1,68,78],"the":[2,65,92],"existing":[3],"graph":[4],"neural":[5],"networks(GNN)":[6],"learn":[7],"node":[8],"embeddings":[9,35],"that":[10,22,47,63,87,98,121],"encode":[11],"their":[12,17],"local":[13,30],"neighborhoods":[14,31],"but":[15,26],"not":[16],"positions.":[18],"Consequently,":[19],"two":[20],"nodes":[21,69,93],"are":[23,83,94],"vastly":[24],"distant":[25],"located":[27],"in":[28,36,44,129],"similar":[29,34],"map":[32],"to":[33,75,125,137],"those":[37],"networks.":[38],"This":[39],"limitation":[40],"prevents":[41],"accurate":[42],"performance":[43],"predictive":[45],"tasks":[46],"rely":[48],"on":[49],"position":[50],"information.":[51],"In":[52,131],"this":[53,99],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"develop":[56,108],"GRAPHREACH":[57,122],",":[58],"a":[59,76,109],"position-aware":[60],"inductive":[61],"GNN":[62,118],"captures":[64],"global":[66],"positions":[67],"through":[70],"reachability":[71,88],"estimations":[72,89],"with":[73],"respect":[74],"set":[77],"anchor":[79,101],"nodes.":[80],"The":[81],"anchors":[82],"strategically":[84],"selected":[85],"so":[86],"across":[90],"all":[91],"maximized.":[95],"We":[96],"show":[97],"combinatorial":[100],"selection":[102],"problem":[103],"is":[104,134],"NP-hard":[105],"and,":[106],"consequently,":[107],"greedy":[110],"(1\u22121/e)":[111],"approximation":[112],"heuristic.":[113],"Empirical":[114],"evaluation":[115],"against":[116],"state-of-the-art":[117],"architectures":[119],"reveal":[120],"provides":[123],"up":[124],"40%":[126],"relative":[127],"improvement":[128],"accuracy.":[130],"addition,":[132],"it":[133],"more":[135],"robust":[136],"adversarial":[138],"attacks.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}