{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3188354902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","title":"Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofing","display_name":"Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3188354902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","mag":"3188354902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0177.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0177.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062522283","display_name":"Zitong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-3304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zitong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu","CMVS, University of Oulu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMVS, University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011611330","display_name":"Yunxiao Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-020X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078109015","display_name":"Hengshuang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8277-2706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengshuang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101691493","display_name":"Xiaobai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-7823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu","CMVS, University of Oulu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMVS, University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082301986","display_name":"Guoying Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3694-206X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoying Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu","CMVS, University of Oulu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMVS, University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":130,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1281","last_page":"1287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12009","display_name":"Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Studies","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7209993004798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.581265926361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5729964971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5109383463859558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.5089583396911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46292969584465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.46198588609695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.45640456676483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.44721367955207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.439309686422348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43064722418785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4273183047771454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.41213199496269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2822226583957672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2496880292892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16041946411132812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7209993004798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.581265926361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5729964971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5109383463859558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.5089583396911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46292969584465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.46198588609695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.45640456676483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.44721367955207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.439309686422348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43064722418785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4273183047771454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41213199496269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2822226583957672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2496880292892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16041946411132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0177.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/177","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0177.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2986852594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"316765","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4608904720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"323287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7711415406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"328115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336704","display_name":"Infotech Oulu","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188354902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188354902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1770095230","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W2095252718","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2174309130","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2610691757","https://openalex.org/W2728977829","https://openalex.org/W2746314669","https://openalex.org/W2794969028","https://openalex.org/W2885013511","https://openalex.org/W2934668150","https://openalex.org/W2942489928","https://openalex.org/W2949718784","https://openalex.org/W2956066883","https://openalex.org/W2963551763","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W2964003763","https://openalex.org/W2983446232","https://openalex.org/W2990068819","https://openalex.org/W2998570087","https://openalex.org/W3010717207","https://openalex.org/W3017010529","https://openalex.org/W3022469715","https://openalex.org/W3034594921","https://openalex.org/W3034885317","https://openalex.org/W3035459165","https://openalex.org/W3043598924","https://openalex.org/W3067845078","https://openalex.org/W3089186577","https://openalex.org/W3094861582","https://openalex.org/W3104300620","https://openalex.org/W3108078565","https://openalex.org/W3108722472","https://openalex.org/W3109432287","https://openalex.org/W3116054336","https://openalex.org/W3138196357","https://openalex.org/W4298395628","https://openalex.org/W6755811877","https://openalex.org/W6765658285","https://openalex.org/W6791858558","https://openalex.org/W6864014924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W915438175","https://openalex.org/W4230315250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"anti-spoofing":[1],"(FAS)":[2],"plays":[3],"a":[4,109,134],"vital":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,47],"securing":[8],"face":[9,149],"recognition":[10],"systems.":[11],"Recently,":[12],"central":[13,34],"difference":[14,35,65],"convolution":[15],"(CDC)":[16],"has":[17],"shown":[18],"its":[19],"excellent":[20],"representation":[21,131],"capacity":[22],"for":[23,124,141],"the":[24,42,48,64,67,75,99,148,161,174],"FAS":[25,142],"task":[26],"via":[27,145],"leveraging":[28],"local":[29,72,129],"gradient":[30],"features.":[31],"However,":[32],"aggregating":[33],"clues":[36],"from":[37,74,157],"all":[38],"neighbors/directions":[39],"simultaneously":[40],"makes":[41],"CDC":[43],"redundant":[44],"and":[45,69,77,92,128,168,176],"sub-optimized":[46],"training":[49],"phase.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"two":[56,106],"Cross":[57,119],"Central":[58,112],"Difference":[59,113],"Convolutions":[60],"(C-CDC),":[61],"which":[62,172],"exploit":[63],"of":[66],"center":[68],"surround":[70],"sparse":[71],"features":[73],"horizontal/vertical":[76],"diagonal":[78],"directions,":[79],"respectively.":[80],"It":[81],"is":[82,116,143],"interesting":[83],"to":[84,192],"find":[85],"that,":[86],"with":[87,118,188],"only":[88],"five":[89],"ninth":[90],"parameters":[91],"less":[93],"computational":[94],"cost,":[95],"C-CDC":[96],"even":[97],"outperforms":[98],"full":[100],"directional":[101],"CDC.":[102],"Based":[103],"on":[104,184],"these":[105],"decoupled":[107],"C-CDC,":[108],"powerful":[110],"Dual-Cross":[111],"Network":[114],"(DC-CDN)":[115],"established":[117],"Feature":[120],"Interaction":[121],"Modules":[122],"(CFIM)":[123],"mutual":[125],"relation":[126],"mining":[127],"detailed":[130],"enhancement.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"novel":[135],"Patch":[136],"Exchange":[137],"(PE)":[138],"augmentation":[139],"strategy":[140],"proposed":[144],"simply":[146],"exchanging":[147],"patches":[150],"as":[151,153],"well":[152],"their":[154],"dense":[155],"labels":[156],"random":[158],"samples.":[159],"Thus,":[160],"augmented":[162],"samples":[163],"contain":[164],"richer":[165],"live/spoof":[166],"patterns":[167],"diverse":[169],"domain":[170],"distributions,":[171],"benefits":[173],"intrinsic":[175],"robust":[177],"feature":[178],"learning.":[179],"Comprehensive":[180],"experiments":[181],"are":[182],"performed":[183],"four":[185],"benchmark":[186],"datasets":[187],"three":[189],"testing":[190],"protocols":[191],"demonstrate":[193],"our":[194],"state-of-the-art":[195],"performance.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}