{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190723141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","title":"Direct Measure Matching for Crowd Counting","display_name":"Direct Measure Matching for Crowd Counting","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190723141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","mag":"3190723141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0116.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0116.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101949005","display_name":"Hui Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1982-4427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026880795","display_name":"Xiaopeng Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-0636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University\uff1b"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University\uff1b","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008366979","display_name":"Zhiheng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0034-2065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiheng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Xi'an Jiaotong University","College of Artificial Intelligence, Xi'an Jiaotong University;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Xi'an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Xi'an Jiaotong University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040886197","display_name":"Xing Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-3941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047718615","display_name":"Yunfeng Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfeng Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100631216","display_name":"Yaowei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2197-9038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaowei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687952","display_name":"Yihong Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1793-5836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihong Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"837","last_page":"844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7872967720031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7011926174163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6196780800819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5894800424575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5571855902671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5347223877906799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5301086902618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5014867782592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-density-estimation","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","score":0.4860001504421234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.48034489154815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4292667508125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34738901257514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.28452861309051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2551810145378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15688198804855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.06797286868095398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7872967720031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7011926174163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6196780800819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5894800424575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5571855902671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5347223877906799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5301086902618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5014867782592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.4860001504421234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.48034489154815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4292667508125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34738901257514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28452861309051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2551810145378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15688198804855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.06797286868095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0116.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/116","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0116.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1139045449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076195, 62006183, U20B2052, and 62006182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3637388763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4935473288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6491784331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020AAA0105600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7104598702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M683489","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7386516187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8695853166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3190723141.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3190723141.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385466589","https://openalex.org/W1976959044","https://openalex.org/W1990283121","https://openalex.org/W2096229530","https://openalex.org/W2097324787","https://openalex.org/W2158131535","https://openalex.org/W2463631526","https://openalex.org/W2586716774","https://openalex.org/W2597756195","https://openalex.org/W2724892359","https://openalex.org/W2770645414","https://openalex.org/W2798490576","https://openalex.org/W2807748361","https://openalex.org/W2886443245","https://openalex.org/W2895051362","https://openalex.org/W2949573729","https://openalex.org/W2962688977","https://openalex.org/W2963035940","https://openalex.org/W2963506485","https://openalex.org/W2963838390","https://openalex.org/W2964203052","https://openalex.org/W2964209782","https://openalex.org/W2964264515","https://openalex.org/W2967069910","https://openalex.org/W2981436300","https://openalex.org/W2982014038","https://openalex.org/W2987761108","https://openalex.org/W2995582330","https://openalex.org/W3000068949","https://openalex.org/W3004672782","https://openalex.org/W3087861058","https://openalex.org/W3097305524","https://openalex.org/W3174519905","https://openalex.org/W3175251060","https://openalex.org/W4317466348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385915222","https://openalex.org/W2067848592","https://openalex.org/W3023581765","https://openalex.org/W2374877459","https://openalex.org/W4249682260","https://openalex.org/W2370879306","https://openalex.org/W1978496058","https://openalex.org/W2338664706","https://openalex.org/W2065353701","https://openalex.org/W2390033068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"crowd":[1,50,115],"counting":[2,34,51,73,116],"approaches":[3],"usually":[4],"use":[5],"Gaussian":[6,23],"assumption":[7],"to":[8,36,42,93,104],"generate":[9],"pseudo":[10],"density":[11,40],"ground":[12,46],"truth,":[13],"which":[14,70],"suffers":[15],"from":[16],"problems":[17],"like":[18],"inaccurate":[19],"estimation":[20],"of":[21,65],"the":[22,38,43,106,126],"kernel":[24],"sizes.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"we":[29,60,81],"propose":[30,82],"a":[31,55,62,71,83,88],"new":[32],"measure-based":[33],"approach":[35],"regress":[37],"predicted":[39],"maps":[41],"scattered":[44],"point-annotated":[45],"truth":[47],"directly.":[48],"First,":[49],"is":[52,75,102],"formulated":[53],"as":[54],"measure":[56,78],"matching":[57],"problem.":[58],"Second,":[59],"derive":[61],"semi-balanced":[63],"form":[64],"Sinkhorn":[66,72,89],"divergence,":[67],"based":[68],"on":[69,112],"loss":[74,92,108],"designed":[76],"for":[77],"matching.":[79],"Third,":[80],"self-supervised":[84],"mechanism":[85],"by":[86],"devising":[87],"scale":[90,95],"consistency":[91],"resist":[94],"changes.":[96],"Finally,":[97],"an":[98],"efficient":[99],"optimization":[100],"method":[101],"provided":[103],"minimize":[105],"overall":[107],"function.":[109],"Extensive":[110],"experiments":[111],"four":[113],"challenging":[114],"datasets":[117],"namely":[118],"ShanghaiTech,":[119],"UCF-QNRF,":[120],"JHU++":[121],"and":[122],"NWPU":[123],"have":[124],"validated":[125],"proposed":[127],"method.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}