{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034497660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","title":"Learning Latent Forests for Medical Relation Extraction","display_name":"Learning Latent Forests for Medical Relation Extraction","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034497660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","mag":"3034497660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0505.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0505.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061941569","display_name":"Zhijiang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6232-5957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhijiang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design","StatNLP Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"StatNLP Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020360628","display_name":"Guoshun Nan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1987-2736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoshun Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design","StatNLP Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"StatNLP Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045807606","display_name":"Wei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-0382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei LU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design","StatNLP Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"StatNLP Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030503109","display_name":"Shay B. Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4753-8353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shay B. Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh","ILCC, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ILCC, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061941569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4388,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97199863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3651","last_page":"3657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-extraction","display_name":"Relationship extraction","score":0.9436924457550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8341630697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7710633277893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-grammar","display_name":"Dependency grammar","score":0.7223755717277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.6077408790588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.5951922535896301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5754039287567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5555948615074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5346421599388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable","display_name":"Latent variable","score":0.5274028182029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.518358051776886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5084484815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parse-tree","display_name":"Parse tree","score":0.4902644455432892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4551248252391815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4427150785923004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4287444055080414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3407025933265686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153604712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310755","display_name":"Relationship extraction","level":3,"score":0.9436924457550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8341630697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7710633277893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164883195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674834","display_name":"Dependency grammar","level":3,"score":0.7223755717277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6077408790588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5951922535896301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5754039287567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5555948615074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5346421599388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.5274028182029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.518358051776886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5084484815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627921","display_name":"Parse tree","level":3,"score":0.4902644455432892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4551248252391815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4427150785923004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4287444055080414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3407025933265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0505.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/505","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0505.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5016601650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Academic Research Fund","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6854926366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Tier 2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8275906825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2017-T2-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G901625343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Academic Research F","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034497660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034497660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574662932","https://openalex.org/W1576002161","https://openalex.org/W2052449326","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2181042685","https://openalex.org/W2253795368","https://openalex.org/W2552110825","https://openalex.org/W2807280045","https://openalex.org/W2889224519","https://openalex.org/W2890627034","https://openalex.org/W2892094955","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2949847915","https://openalex.org/W2950415592","https://openalex.org/W2951309718","https://openalex.org/W2952768212","https://openalex.org/W2962839844","https://openalex.org/W2963021258","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963451457","https://openalex.org/W2963899396","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2970611834","https://openalex.org/W2970777192","https://openalex.org/W2997134535","https://openalex.org/W3035053871","https://openalex.org/W3103592567","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W842810586","https://openalex.org/W4319940250","https://openalex.org/W2352298027","https://openalex.org/W2092919065","https://openalex.org/W3138801416","https://openalex.org/W4236762297","https://openalex.org/W2987616634","https://openalex.org/W2369351710","https://openalex.org/W2594363579","https://openalex.org/W2169232658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"goal":[1],"of":[2],"medical":[3,19,54],"relation":[4,35,66,113],"extraction":[5,36,67],"is":[6,124],"to":[7,33,41,61,126],"detect":[8],"relations":[9],"among":[10],"entities,":[11],"such":[12,34],"as":[13,82,102],"genes,":[14],"mutations":[15],"and":[16,86],"drugs":[17],"in":[18,93],"texts.":[20],"Dependency":[21],"tree":[22,45,136],"structures":[23],"have":[24],"been":[25],"proven":[26],"useful":[27],"for":[28,48,52,111],"this":[29,70],"task.":[30],"Existing":[31],"approaches":[32],"leverage":[37],"off-the-shelf":[38],"dependency":[39,80,105],"parsers":[40],"obtain":[42],"a":[43,74,83],"syntactic":[44],"or":[46,138],"forest":[47],"the":[49,53,65,79,90],"text.":[50],"However,":[51],"domain,":[55],"low":[56],"parsing":[57],"accuracy":[58],"may":[59],"lead":[60],"error":[62],"propagation":[63],"downstream":[64],"pipeline.":[68],"In":[69],"work,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"novel":[75],"model":[76,98,123],"which":[77],"treats":[78],"structure":[81],"latent":[84],"variable":[85],"induces":[87],"it":[88],"from":[89],"unstructured":[91],"text":[92],"an":[94],"end-to-end":[95],"fashion.":[96],"Our":[97],"can":[99],"be":[100],"understood":[101],"composing":[103],"task-specific":[104],"forests":[106],"that":[107,121],"capture":[108],"non-local":[109],"interactions":[110],"better":[112],"extraction.":[114],"Extensive":[115],"results":[116],"on":[117,133],"four":[118],"datasets":[119],"show":[120],"our":[122],"able":[125],"significantly":[127],"outperform":[128],"state-of-the-art":[129],"systems":[130],"without":[131],"relying":[132],"any":[134],"direct":[135],"supervision":[137],"pre-training.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
