{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035000127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","title":"Argot: Generating Adversarial Readable Chinese Texts","display_name":"Argot: Generating Adversarial Readable Chinese Texts","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035000127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","mag":"3035000127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0351.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0351.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410563","display_name":"Zihan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8852-8156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101513317","display_name":"Mingxuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9456-015X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000136911","display_name":"Chao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5452-801X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29955533","display_name":"Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jh5a977","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","Tsinghua University","Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395383","display_name":"Yiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-4664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452308","display_name":"Zhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-1012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137750","display_name":"UC Irvine Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03fgher32","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137750"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Irvine"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Irvine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101936139","display_name":"Qi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-3531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29955533","display_name":"Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jh5a977","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","Tsinghua University","Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067799841","display_name":"Haixin Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29955533","display_name":"Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jh5a977","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixin Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","Qi An Xin Group","Tsinghua University","Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Qi An Xin Group; Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qi An Xin Group","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Qi An Xin Group; Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100885674","display_name":"Donghong Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29955533","display_name":"Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jh5a977","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","Tsinghua University","Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29955533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology; Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100410563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85258811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2533","last_page":"2539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9617000222206116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9570107460021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.8615536093711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7837998867034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6232747435569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6231861114501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5783195495605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5752464532852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.32574716210365295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07057321071624756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9570107460021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.8615536093711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7837998867034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6232747435569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6231861114501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5783195495605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5752464532852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.32574716210365295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07057321071624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0351.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/351","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/0351.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1191843724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1736209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1512528976","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U163620","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300477000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3903621728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5777954143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6854417668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1836213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8208342437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1 and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035000127.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035000127.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483046400","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2123672980","https://openalex.org/W2157364932","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2215376118","https://openalex.org/W2340954483","https://openalex.org/W2609368435","https://openalex.org/W2735135478","https://openalex.org/W2784815861","https://openalex.org/W2785699986","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2904072913","https://openalex.org/W2912473624","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2962718684","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963083752","https://openalex.org/W2963270153","https://openalex.org/W2963834268","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W4300996741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964661231","https://openalex.org/W4254960163","https://openalex.org/W3110264473","https://openalex.org/W2999103397","https://openalex.org/W2370831213","https://openalex.org/W4315704968","https://openalex.org/W4285478380","https://openalex.org/W2100255360","https://openalex.org/W2032810564","https://openalex.org/W2107506952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"language":[1],"processing":[2,14],"(NLP)":[3],"models":[4],"are":[5],"known":[6],"vulnerable":[7],"to":[8,12,23,58,78,86],"adversarial":[9,17,41,83,93,104,121,135],"examples,":[10],"similar":[11],"image":[13],"models.":[15,29],"Studying":[16],"texts":[18,38,95,123],"is":[19,47],"an":[20],"essential":[21],"step":[22],"improve":[24],"the":[25,51,56,68,76,80,101,146],"robustness":[26],"of":[27,55,145],"NLP":[28],"However,":[30],"existing":[31,81],"studies":[32],"mainly":[33],"focus":[34],"on":[35,112],"analyzing":[36],"English":[37,44,82,105],"and":[39,53,72,74,107,118,142],"generating":[40],"examples":[42],"for":[43,103],"texts.":[45],"There":[46],"no":[48],"work":[49],"studying":[50],"possibility":[52],"effect":[54],"transformation":[57],"another":[59],"language,":[60],"e.g,":[61],"Chinese.":[62,87,147],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66],"analyze":[67],"differences":[69],"between":[70],"Chinese":[71,94,113,122,134],"English,":[73],"explore":[75],"methodology":[77],"transform":[79],"generation":[84,96],"method":[85,102],"We":[88],"propose":[89],"a":[90,138],"novel":[91,109],"black-box":[92],"solution":[97],"Argot,":[98],"by":[99],"utilizing":[100],"samples":[106],"several":[108],"methods":[110],"developed":[111],"characteristics.":[114],"Argot":[115,128],"could":[116,129],"effectively":[117],"efficiently":[119],"generate":[120,132],"with":[124],"good":[125],"readability.":[126],"Furthermore,":[127],"also":[130],"automatically":[131],"targeted":[133],"text,":[136],"achieving":[137],"high":[139],"success":[140],"rate":[141],"ensuring":[143],"readability":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
