{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963689346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","title":"Ensemble Soft-Margin Softmax Loss for Image Classification","display_name":"Ensemble Soft-Margin Softmax Loss for Image Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963689346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","mag":"2963689346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0138.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0138.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068240764","display_name":"Xiaobo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-6030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107947635","display_name":"Shifeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-7693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shifeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109299788","display_name":"Zhen Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0791-189X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330138","display_name":"Si Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9180-2935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090356888","display_name":"Xiaojie Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082786719","display_name":"Stan Z. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-8096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stan Z. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2056,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93389223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"992","last_page":"998"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.9955593347549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.7394285202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.701647162437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.693896472454071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6346309185028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6156413555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6114984154701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5222116708755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.505254328250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45690858364105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37482401728630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.24363157153129578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.9955593347549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.7394285202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.701647162437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.693896472454071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6346309185028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6156413555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6114984154701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5222116708755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.505254328250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45690858364105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37482401728630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.24363157153129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0138.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/138","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0138.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963689346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963689346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546411676","https://openalex.org/W1638081485","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1904365287","https://openalex.org/W1934570606","https://openalex.org/W2021354639","https://openalex.org/W2137362862","https://openalex.org/W2144172034","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168894214","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2208945305","https://openalex.org/W2253795368","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2332821979","https://openalex.org/W2504108613","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2557839538","https://openalex.org/W2594088761","https://openalex.org/W2609575245","https://openalex.org/W2737186053","https://openalex.org/W2741430497","https://openalex.org/W2766557427","https://openalex.org/W2789830541","https://openalex.org/W2950094539","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2963656735","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3118608800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095152779","https://openalex.org/W3119773509","https://openalex.org/W3128220219","https://openalex.org/W2982889384","https://openalex.org/W4226227567","https://openalex.org/W2971218105","https://openalex.org/W4287113729","https://openalex.org/W3173314472","https://openalex.org/W3103152812","https://openalex.org/W3120400911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Softmax":[0,137],"loss":[1,50,79,157],"is":[2,80,104],"arguably":[3],"one":[4,41,126],"of":[5,36,77,150],"the":[6,34,40,43,48,65,71,74,96,99,112,116,148,154],"most":[7],"popular":[8],"losses":[9],"to":[10,62,84,90,106,146],"train":[11],"CNN":[12,44],"models":[13],"for":[14],"image":[15],"classification.":[16],"However,":[17],"recent":[18],"works":[19],"have":[20],"exposed":[21],"its":[22],"limitation":[23],"on":[24,33,141],"feature":[25],"discriminability.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"casts":[29],"a":[30,58,91,107,130],"new":[31],"viewpoint":[32],"weakness":[35],"softmax":[37,49,60,78,156],"loss.":[38],"On":[39,70],"hand,":[42,73],"features":[45],"learned":[46,75],"using":[47],"are":[51,144],"often":[52],"inadequately":[53],"discriminative.":[54],"We":[55,82],"hence":[56],"introduce":[57],"soft-margin":[59],"function":[61],"explicitly":[63],"encourage":[64],"discrmination":[66],"between":[67],"different":[68],"classes.":[69],"other":[72],"classifier":[76],"weak.":[81],"propose":[83],"assemble":[85],"multiple":[86],"these":[87,122],"weak":[88,102],"classifiers":[89,103],"strong":[92],"one,":[93],"inspired":[94],"by":[95],"recognition":[97],"that":[98],"diversity":[100],"among":[101],"critical":[105],"good":[108],"ensemble.":[109],"To":[110],"achieve":[111],"diversity,":[113],"we":[114,128],"adopt":[115],"Hilbert-Schmidt":[117],"Independence":[118],"Criterion":[119],"(HSIC).":[120],"Considering":[121],"two":[123],"aspects":[124],"in":[125],"framework,":[127],"design":[129,152],"novel":[131],"loss,":[132],"named":[133],"as":[134],"Ensemble":[135],"Soft-Margin":[136],"(EM-Softmax).":[138],"Extensive":[139],"experiments":[140],"benchmark":[142],"datasets":[143],"conducted":[145],"show":[147],"superiority":[149],"our":[151],"over":[153],"baseline":[155],"and":[158],"several":[159],"state-of-the-art":[160],"alternatives.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}