{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2604948093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","title":"Front-to-End Bidirectional Heuristic Search with Near-Optimal Node Expansions","display_name":"Front-to-End Bidirectional Heuristic Search with Near-Optimal Node Expansions","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2604948093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","mag":"2604948093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0069.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0069.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100614650","display_name":"Jingwei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9868-8936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Denver","University of Denver Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Denver","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Denver Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077149145","display_name":"Robert C. Holte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert C. Holte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta","University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036785155","display_name":"Sandra Zilles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7834-8574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Zilles","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Regina","University of Regina Regina, SK, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Regina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Regina Regina, SK, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041415709","display_name":"Nathan Sturtevant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan R. Sturtevant","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Denver","University of Denver Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Denver","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Denver Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94139201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"489","last_page":"495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.7929772734642029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistent-heuristic","display_name":"Consistent heuristic","score":0.7452560663223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6876318454742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-search","display_name":"Bidirectional search","score":0.669218122959137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-heuristic-search","display_name":"Incremental heuristic search","score":0.5747649669647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5066167116165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.5060710310935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-search","display_name":"Beam search","score":0.4895535409450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-first-search","display_name":"Best-first search","score":0.48551321029663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47629132866859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4677222967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-move-heuristic","display_name":"Null-move heuristic","score":0.4387255609035492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43051230907440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4234163761138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.3899986147880554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08773341774940491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7929772734642029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200246849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163226","display_name":"Consistent heuristic","level":5,"score":0.7452560663223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6876318454742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C831591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59750","display_name":"Bidirectional search","level":5,"score":0.669218122959137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139979381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056021","display_name":"Incremental heuristic search","level":4,"score":0.5747649669647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5066167116165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5060710310935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19889080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835852","display_name":"Beam search","level":3,"score":0.4895535409450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46011968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830527","display_name":"Best-first search","level":4,"score":0.48551321029663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47629132866859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4677222967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114290370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415915","display_name":"Null-move heuristic","level":3,"score":0.4387255609035492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43051230907440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4234163761138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.3899986147880554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08773341774940491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0069.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/69","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0069.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6276148766","display_name":"EAGER: Large-Scale Bidirectional Search","funder_award_id":"1551406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2604948093.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2604948093.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539048696","https://openalex.org/W1881819129","https://openalex.org/W1965469937","https://openalex.org/W2069323107","https://openalex.org/W2134634502","https://openalex.org/W2135125135","https://openalex.org/W2152475379","https://openalex.org/W2277099502","https://openalex.org/W2566652907","https://openalex.org/W2578195970","https://openalex.org/W2759836588","https://openalex.org/W4248795023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081821176","https://openalex.org/W3111117784","https://openalex.org/W2400861930","https://openalex.org/W1622225657","https://openalex.org/W2224555876","https://openalex.org/W4302010637","https://openalex.org/W2038323771","https://openalex.org/W2885402535","https://openalex.org/W2402589461","https://openalex.org/W2105757562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,16,54,101],"well-known":[2],"that":[3,100,113,128],"any":[4],"admissible":[5,90,115],"unidirectional":[6],"heuristic":[7,93],"search":[8,45,94,136],"algorithm":[9,117],"must":[10,64],"expand":[11],"all":[12,83],"states":[13,29,42,53,63],"whose":[14],"f-value":[15],"smaller":[17],"than":[18,107,123],"the":[19,61,75],"optimal":[20],"solution":[21],"cost":[22],"when":[23],"using":[24],"a":[25,50,70,88,119],"consistent":[26,47],"heuristic.":[27],"Such":[28],"are":[30],"called":[31],"\u201csurely":[32],"expanded\u201d":[33],"(s.e.).":[34],"A":[35],"recent":[36],"study":[37],"characterized":[38],"s.e.":[39,55,84],"pairs":[40],"of":[41,52,60,78],"for":[43],"bidirectional":[44,92,135],"with":[46,131],"heuristics:":[48],"if":[49],"pair":[51],"then":[56],"at":[57],"least":[58],"one":[59],"two":[62],"be":[65],"expanded.":[66],"This":[67],"paper":[68],"derives":[69],"lower":[71],"bound,":[72],"VC,":[73],"on":[74],"minimum":[76],"number":[77],"expansions":[79],"required":[80],"to":[81,103],"cover":[82],"pairs,":[85],"and":[86,138],"present":[87],"new":[89],"front-to-end":[91,116],"algorithm,":[95],"Near-Optimal":[96],"Bidirectional":[97],"Search":[98],"(NBS),":[99],"guaranteed":[102],"do":[104],"no":[105,114],"more":[106],"2VC":[108],"expansions.":[109],"We":[110],"further":[111],"prove":[112],"has":[118],"worst":[120],"case":[121],"better":[122],"2VC.":[124],"Experimental":[125],"results":[126],"show":[127],"NBS":[129],"competes":[130],"or":[132],"outperforms":[133,140],"existing":[134],"algorithms,":[137],"often":[139],"A*":[141],"as":[142],"well.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
