{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2740046088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","title":"Dependency Exploitation: A Unified CNN-RNN Approach for Visual Emotion Recognition","display_name":"Dependency Exploitation: A Unified CNN-RNN Approach for Visual Emotion Recognition","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2740046088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","mag":"2740046088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0503.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0503.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005226727","display_name":"Xinge Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-8099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinge Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420654","display_name":"Liang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-8219"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of Intell. Info. Process., Inst. of Comput. Tech., CAS, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Intell. Info. Process., Inst. of Comput. Tech., CAS, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014774434","display_name":"Weigang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0042-7074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weigang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083624141","display_name":"Tianrong Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-2277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianrong Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413849","display_name":"Min Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-8849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028597017","display_name":"Qingming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-296X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of Intell. Info. Process., Inst. of Comput. Tech., CAS, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","Key Lab of Intell. Info. Process., Inst. of Comput. Tech., CAS, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Intell. Info. Process., Inst. of Comput. Tech., CAS, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Intell. Info. Process., Inst. of Comput. Tech., CAS, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082181536","display_name":"Dong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-9730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005226727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1753,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97301403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3595","last_page":"3601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8561729788780212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.701461672782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6915492415428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6674208045005798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.6328112483024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6102752089500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5610457062721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5418880581855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5205017924308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5161932110786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.498462438583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4719875156879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4689858555793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.45280033349990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4216776490211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3795612156391144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2687854468822479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8561729788780212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.701461672782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6915492415428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6674208045005798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6328112483024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6102752089500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5610457062721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5418880581855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5205017924308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5161932110786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.498462438583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4719875156879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4689858555793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.45280033349990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4216776490211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3795612156391144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2687854468822479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0503.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/126347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/126347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/503","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0503.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G109436452","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015CB351800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1185667120","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G267313036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61332016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4677633040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61650202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6197875348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61620106009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6862676600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61650202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G999566377","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2740046088.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2740046088.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592244745","https://openalex.org/W753012316","https://openalex.org/W1570050281","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1899185266","https://openalex.org/W1922773808","https://openalex.org/W1981424477","https://openalex.org/W2003856922","https://openalex.org/W2062097648","https://openalex.org/W2063948594","https://openalex.org/W2074356411","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2110700950","https://openalex.org/W2118526556","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2138682483","https://openalex.org/W2153049579","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2347880541","https://openalex.org/W2515036155","https://openalex.org/W2552066052","https://openalex.org/W2963108253","https://openalex.org/W2963842982","https://openalex.org/W4248038818","https://openalex.org/W4294375521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225394202","https://openalex.org/W4298287631","https://openalex.org/W2953061907","https://openalex.org/W1847088711","https://openalex.org/W3036642985","https://openalex.org/W3032952384","https://openalex.org/W3017902212","https://openalex.org/W2964335273","https://openalex.org/W2982145560","https://openalex.org/W2969450769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"emotion":[1,19,62],"recognition":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,22,59,88,108,131],"associate":[5],"images":[6,148],"with":[7,85,94,161],"appropriate":[8],"emotions.":[9],"There":[10],"are":[11,106],"different":[12,36,69,90,137],"visual":[13],"stimuli":[14],"that":[15,154],"can":[16],"affect":[17],"human":[18],"from":[20,68,136],"low-level":[21,118],"high-level,":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25,40],"color,":[26],"texture,":[27],"part,":[28],"object,":[29],"etc.":[30],"However,":[31],"most":[32],"existing":[33],"methods":[34,160],"treat":[35],"levels":[37,70,91],"of":[38,92],"features":[39,67,93,135],"independent":[41],"entity":[42],"without":[43],"having":[44],"effective":[45],"method":[46,156],"for":[47],"feature":[48,111],"fusion.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"a":[55,96,122],"unified":[56],"CNN-RNN":[57],"model":[58],"predict":[60],"the":[61,65,73,110,114,117,133,140,158],"based":[63],"on":[64,145],"fused":[66],"by":[71],"exploiting":[72],"dependency":[74],"among":[75],"them.":[76],"Our":[77],"proposed":[78,130],"architecture":[79],"leverages":[80],"convolutional":[81],"neural":[82,126],"network":[83,127],"(CNN)":[84],"multiple":[86],"layers":[87,138],"extract":[89],"in":[95,100,139],"multi-task":[97],"learning":[98],"framework,":[99],"which":[101],"two":[102],"related":[103],"loss":[104],"functions":[105],"introduced":[107],"learn":[109],"representation.":[112],"Considering":[113],"dependencies":[115],"within":[116],"and":[119,149],"high-level":[120],"features,":[121],"new":[123],"bidirectional":[124],"recurrent":[125],"(RNN)":[128],"is":[129],"integrate":[132],"learned":[134],"CNN":[141],"model.":[142],"Extensive":[143],"experiments":[144],"both":[146],"Internet":[147],"art":[150],"photo":[151],"datasets":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"our":[155],"outperforms":[157],"state-of-the-art":[159],"at":[162],"least":[163],"7%":[164],"performance":[165],"improvement.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}