{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2615896489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","title":"Plan Explanations as Model Reconciliation: Moving Beyond Explanation as Soliloquy","display_name":"Plan Explanations as Model Reconciliation: Moving Beyond Explanation as Soliloquy","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2615896489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","mag":"2615896489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0023.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0023.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003213012","display_name":"Tathagata\ufeff Chakraborti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2905-5454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143601","display_name":"Decision Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0434dpa13","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tathagata Chakraborti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601","https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028325441","display_name":"Sarath Sreedharan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2299-0178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143601","display_name":"Decision Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0434dpa13","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarath Sreedharan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601","https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433691","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-4835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143601","display_name":"Decision Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0434dpa13","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601","https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023323170","display_name":"Subbarao Kambhampati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9069-0265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143601","display_name":"Decision Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0434dpa13","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subbarao Kambhampati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601","https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.1418,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":222,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99296048,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"156","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soliloquy","display_name":"Soliloquy","score":0.947664737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7543076872825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.7313950061798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7223583459854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5369334816932678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5239401459693909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4831101894378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.43572354316711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.33524608612060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3231458067893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19561460614204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1612774133682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0941181480884552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776615554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184528","display_name":"Soliloquy","level":2,"score":0.947664737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7543076872825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.7313950061798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7223583459854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5369334816932678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5239401459693909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4831101894378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43572354316711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.33524608612060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3231458067893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19561460614204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1612774133682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0941181480884552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0023.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/23","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/0023.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5500012733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-13-1-0176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5842776091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-15-1-2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7724047693","display_name":"EXPLICABLE PLANNING AND REPLANNING FOR HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP DECISION SUPPORT  AS NASA'S VISION OF HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT AUTONOMY IS REALIZED  THE AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM IS EXPECTED TO PROVIDE DECISION SUPPORT IN MANY COMPLEX SITUATIONS. AT THE SAME TIME  THE OPERATING PERSONNEL ALIKE IN THE LOOP OF THE DECISION MAKING WILL PROVIDE SUPERVISION ON THE AUTOMATED SOLUTION SYNTHESIS BY GIVING FEEDBACKS TO INITIATE ADJUSTMENTS WHEN NECESSARY. TO MAKE SUCH SYSTEMS USEFUL  IT FIRST REQUIRES THE SOLUTIONS OR PLANS SYNTHESIZED TO BE COMPREHENSIBLE TO THE HUMAN OPERATORS. COMPREHENSIBLE PLANS ARE EASILY UNDERSTANDABLE BY THE OPERATORS IN THE LOOP  AND HENCE ENABLE THEM TO QUICKLY GRASP THE GIST OF THE PLANS IN THE FACE OF VARIOUS TASK REQUIREMENTS  CONSTRAINTS  AND PREFERENCES THAT THE OPERATORS MAY HAVE. THIS CAPABILITY OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS ALLOWS THE HUMANS IN THE LOOP TO MAINTAIN PROPER SITUATION AWARENESS DURING A MISSION  WHICH IS ALSO CRITICAL WHEN THEY NEED TO UPDATE THE CURRENT SOLUTION IN CASE THE SITUATION CHANGES.  TO REALIZE SUCH DECISION SUPPORT  HUMAN DECISION MAKERS WILL NEED A SYSTEM THAT CAN (I) PREDICT THE EXPLICABILITY (OR UNDERSTANDABILITY) OF PLANS BASED ON THEIR CHARACTERIZATIONS GIVEN A DOMAIN  AND SYNTHESIZE COMPREHENSIBLE PLANS BASED ON THIS PREDICTION  (II) GENERATE EXCUSES WHEN A PLAN DOES NOT EXIST FOR A TASK (E.G.  WHEN CERTAIN TASK CONSTRAINTS CANNOT BE SATISFIED)  AND GENERATE EXPLANATIONS WHEN PARTS OF THE PLANS ARE EXPECTED TO BE DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND  (III) REPLAN WHEN THE CURRENT SOLUTION NEEDS TO BE UPDATED TO INCORPORATE HUMAN FEEDBACKS WHILE BEING COMMITMENT SENSITIVE  AND GENERATE DIVERSE PLANS IN THE FACE OF PARTIALLY KNOWN HUMAN PREFERENCES. ALL THESE ACTIVITIES MAY BE PERFORMED MANY TIMES THROUGHOUT A MISSION OF HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT AND MUST BE TIGHTLY INTERTWINED IN A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF PLANS AND HOW EASILY THEY ARE COMPREHENDED IS USED TO BALANCE PLAN OPTIMALITY (E.G.  IN TERMS OF COST) WITH PLAN EXPLICABILITY. AFTER ALL  A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM SHOULD MAKE ITSELF UNDERSTOOD BY AVOIDING GENERATING INNOVATIVE  OR INGENIOUS SOLUTIONS; INSTEAD  PLANS THAT ARE MORE EXPLICABLE (OR EXPECTED) BY THE HUMANS SHOULD BE PREFERRED. PLAN EXPLICABILITY INFORMS THE GENERATION OF EXCUSES AND EXPLANATIONS BY ANSWERING WHEN AND WHERE THEY SHOULD BE PROVIDED. EXCUSES AND EXPLANATIONS MAY IN TURN TRIGGER REPLANNING  WHICH WOULD INVOKE THE PLAN GENERATION PROCESS. ADDITIONALLY  THE REPLANNING PROCESS MUST BE AWARE OF THE PREVIOUSLY MADE COMMITMENTS (E.G.  A PREVIOUS GOAL MAY BE HALF ACHIEVED) AND BE ABLE TO GENERATE A DIVERSE SET OF PLANS TO ACCOMMODATE THE PARTIALLY KNOWN HUMAN PREFERENCES. THE TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TO DEVELOP  IMPLEMENT AND EVALUATE A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT THAT SUPPORTS THE ABOVE ACTIVITIES. THE GOAL OF SUCH SYSTEM IS TO FACILITATE A NATURAL HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTION  WHICH IS ALSO DESIRABLE IN A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS. THE PROPOSED SYSTEMS  TERMED READS (RECOMMEND EXPLICABLE PLANS THAT ARE EASILY INTERPRETABLE  EXPLAIN PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS VIA EXCUSE AND EXPLANATION GENERATION  ACCOMMODATE COMMITMENTS AND HUMAN PREFERENCES FOR DECISION SUPPORT)  REPRESENTS A CRITICAL CAPABILITY THAT IS REQUIRED IN SUCH SYSTEMS.","funder_award_id":"NNX17AD06G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8403098095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-13-1-0519","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2615896489.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2615896489.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52011011","https://openalex.org/W1556166193","https://openalex.org/W1604986327","https://openalex.org/W2116298968","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2122671546","https://openalex.org/W2149361370","https://openalex.org/W2395585410","https://openalex.org/W2406423292","https://openalex.org/W2553439369","https://openalex.org/W2553736151","https://openalex.org/W2575562425","https://openalex.org/W2578729013","https://openalex.org/W2951235355","https://openalex.org/W2964333534","https://openalex.org/W3101355526","https://openalex.org/W4297936444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021001478","https://openalex.org/W2350038414","https://openalex.org/W562294444","https://openalex.org/W4313579459","https://openalex.org/W4237373361","https://openalex.org/W2565131663","https://openalex.org/W2091273444","https://openalex.org/W4253362013","https://openalex.org/W4233543279","https://openalex.org/W2600085362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"AI":[1,30,75,108],"systems":[2],"interact":[3],"with":[4,126],"humans":[5,61],"in":[6,44,55,85,110],"the":[7,29,33,39,60,74,80,107,115,136,149,152],"loop,":[8],"they":[9],"are":[10,82],"often":[11],"called":[12],"on":[13,24],"to":[14,114,120,128],"provide":[15],"explanations":[16,26,81],"for":[17,41,143],"their":[18],"plans":[19],"and":[20,38,64,147],"behavior.":[21],"Past":[22],"work":[23],"plan":[25,37,123],"primarily":[27],"involved":[28],"system":[31,109],"explaining":[32],"correctness":[34],"of":[35,46,87,138,151],"its":[36,42,47,122],"rationale":[40],"decision":[43],"terms":[45],"own":[48],"model.":[49,132],"Such":[50],"soliloquy":[51],"is":[52],"wholly":[53],"inadequate":[54],"most":[56],"realistic":[57],"scenarios":[58],"where":[59,106],"have":[62],"domain":[63],"task":[65],"models":[66],"that":[67,71,79,129],"differ":[68],"significantly":[69],"from":[70],"used":[72],"by":[73],"system.":[76],"We":[77,133],"posit":[78],"best":[83],"studied":[84],"light":[86],"these":[88],"differing":[89],"models.":[90],"In":[91],"particular,":[92],"we":[93],"show":[94],"how":[95],"explanation":[96],"can":[97],"be":[98,124],"seen":[99],"as":[100,119],"a":[101],"\"model":[102],"reconciliation":[103],"problem\"":[104],"(MRP),":[105],"effect":[111],"suggests":[112],"changes":[113],"human's":[116],"model,":[117],"so":[118],"make":[121],"optimal":[125],"respect":[127],"changed":[130],"human":[131],"will":[134],"study":[135],"properties":[137],"such":[139],"explanations,":[140],"present":[141],"algorithms":[142],"automatically":[144],"computing":[145],"them,":[146],"evaluate":[148],"performance":[150],"algorithms.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}