{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157312092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","title":"The Motivated Can Encrypt (Even with PGP)","display_name":"The Motivated Can Encrypt (Even with PGP)","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157312092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","mag":"3157312092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108529502","display_name":"Glencora Borradaile","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Glencora Borradaile","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050324886","display_name":"Kelsy Kretschmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-3332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelsy Kretschmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Policy , Oregon State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy , Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054530678","display_name":"Michele Gretes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Gretes","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035681809","display_name":"Alexandria LeClerc","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandria LeClerc","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108529502"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7902493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"3","first_page":"49","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.8714416027069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5959498286247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5856702923774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-partnership","display_name":"General partnership","score":0.5536278486251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49408796429634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.49144208431243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44077977538108826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3935985267162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3420502543449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.29293394088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.22385108470916748}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8714416027069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5959498286247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5856702923774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.5536278486251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49408796429634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.49144208431243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44077977538108826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3935985267162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3420502543449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.29293394088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.22385108470916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5288c806376b450b956b1ab45d415ddc","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5288c806376b450b956b1ab45d415ddc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2021, Iss 3, Pp 49-69 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157312092.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157312092.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43120215","https://openalex.org/W263353943","https://openalex.org/W619899048","https://openalex.org/W1447429957","https://openalex.org/W1521868115","https://openalex.org/W1524103604","https://openalex.org/W1574363380","https://openalex.org/W1694806198","https://openalex.org/W1844767618","https://openalex.org/W1941336092","https://openalex.org/W1975307600","https://openalex.org/W1991246983","https://openalex.org/W2086099868","https://openalex.org/W2087411274","https://openalex.org/W2101898204","https://openalex.org/W2126512988","https://openalex.org/W2134542874","https://openalex.org/W2144283632","https://openalex.org/W2157883944","https://openalex.org/W2159613900","https://openalex.org/W2167976277","https://openalex.org/W2178173146","https://openalex.org/W2184387311","https://openalex.org/W2207884471","https://openalex.org/W2244428935","https://openalex.org/W2293424065","https://openalex.org/W2297073264","https://openalex.org/W2333295261","https://openalex.org/W2343771692","https://openalex.org/W2358289624","https://openalex.org/W2412850938","https://openalex.org/W2462559584","https://openalex.org/W2490317843","https://openalex.org/W2555951879","https://openalex.org/W2576786802","https://openalex.org/W2585678387","https://openalex.org/W2586800097","https://openalex.org/W2604691034","https://openalex.org/W2722360008","https://openalex.org/W2726282394","https://openalex.org/W2752073028","https://openalex.org/W2770507507","https://openalex.org/W2783830422","https://openalex.org/W2784312794","https://openalex.org/W2811032134","https://openalex.org/W2889199884","https://openalex.org/W2936737507","https://openalex.org/W2944478914","https://openalex.org/W2958530109","https://openalex.org/W2971347193","https://openalex.org/W3082800652","https://openalex.org/W3105138323","https://openalex.org/W3191503290","https://openalex.org/W3199989398","https://openalex.org/W4206404716","https://openalex.org/W4254011500","https://openalex.org/W4297192561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W4389670110","https://openalex.org/W2187546663","https://openalex.org/W2429057255","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W148745890","https://openalex.org/W2611942503","https://openalex.org/W2899790217"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Existing":[1],"end-to-end-encrypted":[2],"(E2EE)":[3],"email":[4,116,143,158,241],"systems,":[5],"mainly":[6],"PGP,":[7],"have":[8,19],"long":[9,208],"been":[10],"evaluated":[11],"in":[12,101,109],"controlled":[13],"lab":[14],"settings.":[15],"While":[16],"these":[17],"studies":[18],"exposed":[20],"usability":[21,70,177,197],"obstacles":[22],"for":[23,38,77,115],"the":[24,102,150,174,185,230,235],"average":[25],"user":[26],"and":[27,47,184,234],"offer":[28],"design":[29],"improvements,":[30],"there":[31],"exist":[32],"users":[33],"with":[34,44,128,178,223],"an":[35,199],"immediate":[36],"need":[37],"private":[39],"communication,":[40],"who":[41,104],"must":[42],"cope":[43],"existing":[45],"software":[46],"its":[48],"limitations.":[49],"We":[50,80,172,193],"seek":[51],"to":[52,65,72,107,123,137,155,206],"understand":[53],"whether":[54],"individuals":[55,95,188],"motivated":[56],"by":[57],"concrete":[58],"privacy":[59],"threats,":[60],"such":[61,169,181],"as":[62,84,170,182],"those":[63],"vulnerable":[64],"state":[66],"surveil-lance,":[67],"can":[68],"overcome":[69],"issues":[71],"adopt":[73],"complex":[74],"E2EE":[75,166],"tools":[76],"long-term":[78,224,232],"use.":[79,210,226],"surveyed":[81],"regional":[82],"activists,":[83],"surveillance":[85],"of":[86,149,164,176,217,239],"social":[87,98,133,179],"movements":[88],"is":[89,198,203,220],"well-documented.":[90],"Our":[91],"study":[92,151,173,228],"group":[93],"includes":[94],"from":[96],"9":[97],"movement":[99,134],"groups":[100],"US":[103],"had":[105],"elected":[106],"participate":[108],"a":[110,126,129],"workshop":[111],"on":[112],"using":[113],"Thunder-bird+Enigmail":[114],"encryption.":[117],"These":[118],"workshops":[119],"tool":[120],"place":[121],"prior":[122],"mid-2017,":[124],"via":[125],"partnership":[127],"non-profit":[130],"which":[131],"supports":[132],"groups.":[135],"Six":[136],"40":[138],"months":[139],"after":[140],"their":[141,191],"PGP":[142,157,225,240],"encryption":[144,159,242],"training,":[145],"more":[146],"than":[147],"half":[148],"participants":[152],"were":[153],"continuing":[154],"use":[156],"despite":[160],"intervening":[161],"widespread":[162],"deployment":[163],"simple":[165],"messaging":[167],"apps":[168],"Signal.":[171],"interplay":[175],"factors":[180],"motivation":[183],"risks":[186],"that":[187,195,215],"undertake":[189],"through":[190],"activism.":[192],"find":[194,214],"while":[196],"important":[200],"factor,":[201],"it":[202],"not":[204],"enough":[205],"explain":[207],"term":[209],"For":[211],"example,":[212],"we":[213],"riskiness":[216],"one\u2019s":[218],"activism":[219],"negatively":[221],"correlated":[222],"This":[227],"represents":[229],"first":[231,236],"study,":[233,238],"in-the-wild":[237],"adoption.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
