{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091806358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","title":"K3M: A universal algorithm for image skeletonization and a review of thinning techniques","display_name":"K3M: A universal algorithm for image skeletonization and a review of thinning techniques","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091806358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","mag":"2091806358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084828574","display_name":"Khalid Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-7045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Cracow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Cracow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057887560","display_name":"Marek Tab\u0119dzki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6981-1595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323121030","display_name":"Bialystok University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfsy61","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323121030"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Tab\u0119dzki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok Technical University, ul. Wiejska 45 A, 15-351 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok Technical University, ul. Wiejska 45 A, 15-351 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323121030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086016443","display_name":"Mariusz Rybnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-6561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I245364917","display_name":"University of Bia\u0142ystok","ror":"https://ror.org/01qaqcf60","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I245364917"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariusz Rybnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 14, 15-097 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 14, 15-097 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I245364917"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007547440","display_name":"Marcin Adamski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0866-1156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323121030","display_name":"Bialystok University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfsy61","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323121030"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Adamski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok Technical University, ul. Wiejska 45 A, 15-351 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok Technical University, ul. Wiejska 45 A, 15-351 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323121030"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4080,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":1100},"apc_paid":{"value":4080,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":1100},"fwci":8.3764,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":193,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97725306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"317","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletonization","display_name":"Skeletonization","score":0.976825475692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thinning","display_name":"Thinning","score":0.7809515595436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universality","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","score":0.7490185499191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.7017208337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.679080605506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5694444179534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.5085657835006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4902496933937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4049885869026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.395363986492157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23951316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1984140","display_name":"Skeletonization","level":2,"score":0.976825475692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781353100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266974","display_name":"Thinning","level":2,"score":0.7809515595436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.7490185499191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.7017208337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.679080605506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5694444179534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.5085657835006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4902496933937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4049885869026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.395363986492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.390.2963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.390.2963","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/amc/amc20/amc2029.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zbc.uz.zgora.pl:46855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://zbc.uz.zgora.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=46855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400400","display_name":"Digital library of Zielona Gora (University of Zielona G\u00f3ra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I46305939","host_organization_name":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.amcs.uz.zgora.pl/?action=paper&paper=494","raw_type":"artyku\u0142"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-010-0024-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2091806358.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2091806358.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6115842","https://openalex.org/W107968503","https://openalex.org/W131259011","https://openalex.org/W1558655149","https://openalex.org/W1575001484","https://openalex.org/W1655554306","https://openalex.org/W1970624486","https://openalex.org/W1971158623","https://openalex.org/W1978806001","https://openalex.org/W1979527946","https://openalex.org/W1979704374","https://openalex.org/W1988908741","https://openalex.org/W1989363531","https://openalex.org/W1991547973","https://openalex.org/W1991960134","https://openalex.org/W2007485653","https://openalex.org/W2010435544","https://openalex.org/W2017824631","https://openalex.org/W2030948223","https://openalex.org/W2033108005","https://openalex.org/W2055738078","https://openalex.org/W2066778284","https://openalex.org/W2066920887","https://openalex.org/W2072716672","https://openalex.org/W2073869024","https://openalex.org/W2078712593","https://openalex.org/W2080455550","https://openalex.org/W2089188673","https://openalex.org/W2092764595","https://openalex.org/W2095030868","https://openalex.org/W2095748904","https://openalex.org/W2098160382","https://openalex.org/W2120385801","https://openalex.org/W2120585866","https://openalex.org/W2124557203","https://openalex.org/W2132333696","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2135162882","https://openalex.org/W2147249393","https://openalex.org/W2147881030","https://openalex.org/W2155678611","https://openalex.org/W2158008371","https://openalex.org/W2167159761","https://openalex.org/W2322951925","https://openalex.org/W2478597184","https://openalex.org/W3159914786","https://openalex.org/W4210602482","https://openalex.org/W4210719020","https://openalex.org/W4235645843","https://openalex.org/W4242343538","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633482551","https://openalex.org/W6680074440","https://openalex.org/W6682578921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132416234","https://openalex.org/W2092783742","https://openalex.org/W2118553688","https://openalex.org/W2292955152","https://openalex.org/W2376130299","https://openalex.org/W2620696933","https://openalex.org/W4220907282","https://openalex.org/W2623093699","https://openalex.org/W1603323139","https://openalex.org/W3202325564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"K3M:":[0],"A":[1],"universal":[2],"algorithm":[3,60,71,94],"for":[4,82,104],"image":[5],"skeletonization":[6],"and":[7,70,102],"a":[8,50,57,105],"review":[9],"of":[10,29,35,41,44,67,86,91,107],"thinning":[11,36,59],"techniques":[12],"This":[13],"paper":[14],"aims":[15],"at":[16],"three":[17],"aspects":[18],"closely":[19],"related":[20],"to":[21],"each":[22],"other:":[23],"first,":[24],"it":[25,55,100],"presents":[26,62],"the":[27,30,33,45,77,92],"state":[28],"art":[31],"in":[32,65],"area":[34],"methodologies,":[37],"by":[38],"giving":[39],"descriptions":[40],"general":[42],"ideas":[43],"most":[46],"significant":[47],"algorithms":[48,85],"with":[49,74],"comparison":[51],"between":[52],"them.":[53],"Secondly,":[54],"proposes":[56],"new":[58],"that":[61],"interesting":[63],"properties":[64],"terms":[66],"processing":[68],"quality":[69],"clarity,":[72],"enriched":[73],"examples.":[75],"Thirdly,":[76],"work":[78],"considers":[79],"parallelization":[80],"issues":[81],"intrinsically":[83],"sequential":[84],"thinning.":[87],"The":[88],"main":[89],"advantage":[90],"suggested":[93],"is":[95],"its":[96],"universality,":[97],"which":[98],"makes":[99],"useful":[101],"versatile":[103],"variety":[106],"applications.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}