{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140780255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","title":"M-Ary Phase Modulation for Digital Watermarking","display_name":"M-Ary Phase Modulation for Digital Watermarking","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140780255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","mag":"2140780255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087260516","display_name":"Yongqing Xin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongqing Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016991767","display_name":"M. Pawlak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2627-108X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miros\u0142aw Pawlak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087260516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"],"apc_list":{"value":4080,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":1100},"apc_paid":{"value":4080,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":1100},"fwci":0.7094,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75548596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"93","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9514955282211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.734697699546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6826316118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5906475186347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.559828519821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5097813010215759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16943377256393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15599513053894043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9514955282211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.734697699546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6826316118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5906475186347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.559828519821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5097813010215759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16943377256393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15599513053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zbc.uz.zgora.pl:78700","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://zbc.uz.zgora.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=78700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400400","display_name":"Digital library of Zielona Gora (University of Zielona G\u00f3ra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I46305939","host_organization_name":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.amcs.uz.zgora.pl/?action=papers&issue=31","raw_type":"artyku\u0142"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2140780255.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2140780255.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485843586","https://openalex.org/W1560463800","https://openalex.org/W2092462374","https://openalex.org/W2100115174","https://openalex.org/W2106809879","https://openalex.org/W2113183384","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2120400964","https://openalex.org/W2121203485","https://openalex.org/W2152545485","https://openalex.org/W2170151472","https://openalex.org/W2611745365","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W4245808720","https://openalex.org/W4247537352"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W2183032046","https://openalex.org/W2361184779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"M":[0,28,47,65,73,83,100,105,130,140,143],"-Ary":[1],"Phase":[2],"Modulation":[3],"for":[4,88,151],"Digital":[5],"Watermarking":[6],"In":[7,93],"spread":[8],"spectrum":[9],"based":[10,50,58,68,133],"watermarking":[11,51,59,153],"schemes,":[12],"it":[13,124,156],"is":[14,74,125,149,192],"a":[15,55,117,136,152,165],"challenging":[16],"task":[17],"to":[18,38,76,116,127],"embed":[19],"multiple":[20],"bits":[21],"of":[22,72,139,164,181,183,188],"information":[23,182],"into":[24],"the":[25,63,70,85,111,161,168,175,179,184,189],"host":[26],"signal.":[27],"-ary":[29,48,66,101,106,131],"modulation":[30,49,57,67,102,132],"has":[31,42],"been":[32,43],"proposed":[33,190],"as":[34,82],"an":[35,46,98,129],"effective":[36],"approach":[37],"multibit":[39],"watermarking.":[40],"It":[41],"proved":[44],"that":[45],"system":[52],"outperforms":[53],"significantly":[54],"binary":[56],"system.":[60],"However,":[61],"in":[62,113],"existing":[64],"algorithms,":[69],"value":[71,138],"restricted":[75],"be":[77],"less":[78],"than":[79],"256,":[80],"because":[81,155],"increases,":[84],"computation":[86,112],"workload":[87],"data":[89,114,162],"extraction":[90,115],"advances":[91],"exponentially.":[92],"this":[94,122],"paper,":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"efficient":[99],"scheme,":[103,123],"i.e.,":[104],"phase":[107],"modulation,":[108],"which":[109],"reduces":[110],"very":[118],"low":[119],"level.":[120],"With":[121],"practical":[126],"implement":[128],"algorithm":[134],"with":[135],"high":[137],",":[141],"e.g.,":[142],"=":[144],"2":[145],"20":[146],".":[147],"This":[148],"significant":[150],"system,":[154],"can":[157],"either":[158],"greatly":[159],"increase":[160],"capacity":[163],"watermark":[166,170,176],"given":[167,178],"necessary":[169],"robustness,":[171],"or":[172],"considerably":[173],"improve":[174],"robustness":[177],"amount":[180],"watermark.":[185],"The":[186],"superiority":[187],"scheme":[191],"verified":[193],"by":[194],"simulation":[195],"results.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}