{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140780255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","title":"M-Ary Phase Modulation for Digital Watermarking","display_name":"M-Ary Phase Modulation for Digital Watermarking","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140780255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","mag":"2140780255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087260516","display_name":"Yongqing Xin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqing Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016991767","display_name":"M. Pawlak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2627-108X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miros\u0142aw Pawlak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"],"apc_list":{"value":4080,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":1100},"apc_paid":{"value":4080,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":1100},"fwci":0.7877,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80669587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"93","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9514955282211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.734697699546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6826316118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5906475186347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.559828519821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5097813010215759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16943377256393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15599513053894043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9514955282211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.734697699546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6826316118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5906475186347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.559828519821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5097813010215759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16943377256393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15599513053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10006-008-0009-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117679522","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","issn_l":"1641-876X","issn":["1641-876X","2083-8492"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2140780255.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2140780255.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485843586","https://openalex.org/W1560463800","https://openalex.org/W2092462374","https://openalex.org/W2100115174","https://openalex.org/W2106809879","https://openalex.org/W2113183384","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2120400964","https://openalex.org/W2121203485","https://openalex.org/W2152545485","https://openalex.org/W2170151472","https://openalex.org/W2611745365","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W4245808720","https://openalex.org/W4247537352"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W2183032046","https://openalex.org/W2361184779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"M-Ary":[0],"Phase":[1],"Modulation":[2],"for":[3,77,128],"Digital":[4],"Watermarking":[5],"In":[6,82],"spread":[7],"spectrum":[8],"based":[9,45,53,61,116],"watermarking":[10,46,54,130],"schemes,":[11],"it":[12,109,133],"is":[13,110,126,169],"a":[14,50,102,119,129,142],"challenging":[15],"task":[16],"to":[17,35,67,101,112],"embed":[18],"multiple":[19],"bits":[20],"of":[21,141,158,160,165],"information":[22,159],"into":[23],"the":[24,58,63,74,96,138,145,152,156,161,166],"host":[25],"signal.M-ary":[26],"modulation":[27,44,52,60,89,115],"has":[28,39],"been":[29,40],"proposed":[30,167],"as":[31],"an":[32,87],"effective":[33],"approach":[34],"multibit":[36],"watermarking.":[37],"It":[38],"proved":[41],"that":[42],"anM-ary":[43,114],"system":[47],"outperforms":[48],"significantly":[49],"binary":[51],"system.":[55],"However,":[56],"in":[57,98],"existingM-ary":[59],"algorithms,":[62],"value":[64,121],"ofMis":[65],"restricted":[66],"be":[68],"less":[69],"than":[70],"256,":[71],"because":[72,132],"asMincreases,":[73],"computation":[75,97],"workload":[76],"data":[78,99,139],"extraction":[79,100],"advances":[80],"exponentially.":[81],"this":[83,107],"paper,":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86],"efficientM-ary":[88],"scheme,":[90,108],"i.e.,M-ary":[91],"phase":[92],"modulation,":[93],"which":[94],"reduces":[95],"very":[103],"low":[104],"level.":[105],"With":[106],"practical":[111],"implement":[113],"algorithm":[117],"with":[118],"high":[120],"ofM,":[122],"e.g.,M=":[123],"220.":[124],"This":[125],"significant":[127],"system,":[131],"can":[134],"either":[135],"greatly":[136],"increase":[137],"capacity":[140],"watermark":[143,147,153],"given":[144,155],"necessary":[146],"robustness,":[148],"or":[149],"considerably":[150],"improve":[151],"robustness":[154],"amount":[157],"watermark.":[162],"The":[163],"superiority":[164],"scheme":[168],"verified":[170],"by":[171],"simulation":[172],"results.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}