{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216666665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0006","title":"How Can and Would People Protect From Online Tracking?","display_name":"How Can and Would People Protect From Online Tracking?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216666665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0006","mag":"3216666665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2022-0006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0006","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0006.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023973244","display_name":"Maryam Mehrnezhad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-6885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Mehrnezhad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University , UK","Durham University, UK,","Newcastle University, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Durham University, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015090560","display_name":"Kovila Coopamootoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8793-7122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kovila Coopamootoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University , UK","Durham University, UK,","Newcastle University, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Durham University, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029147151","display_name":"Ehsan Toreini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5172-2957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Toreini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Durham University , UK","Durham University, UK,","Newcastle University, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Durham University , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Durham University, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9113,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96772244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":"1","first_page":"105","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12335","display_name":"Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9567999839782715,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notice","display_name":"Notice","score":0.842619776725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.7642509341239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.7547159194946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4829218089580536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opt-out","display_name":"Opt-out","score":0.46883076429367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.45904698967933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42429202795028687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.28859376907348633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20252683758735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18135112524032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08491811156272888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001","display_name":"Notice","level":2,"score":0.842619776725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.7642509341239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.7547159194946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4829218089580536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780291661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368455","display_name":"Opt-out","level":2,"score":0.46883076429367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45904698967933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42429202795028687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.28859376907348633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20252683758735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18135112524032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08491811156272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2022-0006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0006","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:34795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/34795/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2022, Vol.1, pp.105-125 [Peer Reviewed Journal]","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f757426ed868459b91ebfbeb1116faa5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f757426ed868459b91ebfbeb1116faa5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2022, Iss 1, Pp 105-125 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:1220595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1220595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2022-0006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0006","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216666665.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216666665.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69449071","https://openalex.org/W82764007","https://openalex.org/W1980848194","https://openalex.org/W1984487609","https://openalex.org/W1992470436","https://openalex.org/W2018291501","https://openalex.org/W2039837665","https://openalex.org/W2113764854","https://openalex.org/W2123539383","https://openalex.org/W2150957322","https://openalex.org/W2159764755","https://openalex.org/W2189652372","https://openalex.org/W2293424065","https://openalex.org/W2336650211","https://openalex.org/W2397344297","https://openalex.org/W2528079308","https://openalex.org/W2535603283","https://openalex.org/W2537669654","https://openalex.org/W2550340832","https://openalex.org/W2562362575","https://openalex.org/W2563786350","https://openalex.org/W2584640588","https://openalex.org/W2585292421","https://openalex.org/W2588334051","https://openalex.org/W2614031407","https://openalex.org/W2617873227","https://openalex.org/W2733005124","https://openalex.org/W2744790096","https://openalex.org/W2753482580","https://openalex.org/W2753752286","https://openalex.org/W2784134919","https://openalex.org/W2787932188","https://openalex.org/W2887427605","https://openalex.org/W2889476181","https://openalex.org/W2891801469","https://openalex.org/W2891928976","https://openalex.org/W2902372777","https://openalex.org/W2914805061","https://openalex.org/W2942962733","https://openalex.org/W2951035739","https://openalex.org/W2953707841","https://openalex.org/W2958793707","https://openalex.org/W2963611340","https://openalex.org/W2963779160","https://openalex.org/W2968455169","https://openalex.org/W2973801691","https://openalex.org/W2999421257","https://openalex.org/W3000190958","https://openalex.org/W3003683799","https://openalex.org/W3008740022","https://openalex.org/W3011925920","https://openalex.org/W3015767612","https://openalex.org/W3028660219","https://openalex.org/W3029205506","https://openalex.org/W3029799483","https://openalex.org/W3030894331","https://openalex.org/W3032324689","https://openalex.org/W3032666458","https://openalex.org/W3088015490","https://openalex.org/W3093528676","https://openalex.org/W3097991090","https://openalex.org/W3100240544","https://openalex.org/W3100328669","https://openalex.org/W3106386337","https://openalex.org/W3106932141","https://openalex.org/W3123554876","https://openalex.org/W3157409099","https://openalex.org/W4288086187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380786130","https://openalex.org/W4300199468","https://openalex.org/W2394134009","https://openalex.org/W4299868491","https://openalex.org/W211417945","https://openalex.org/W1996087181","https://openalex.org/W2405832514","https://openalex.org/W3081220134","https://openalex.org/W1524760967","https://openalex.org/W3216666665"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Online":[1],"tracking":[2,26,146,158,181],"is":[3,51,83,98],"complex":[4],"and":[5,23,42,48,104,170,183,201],"users":[6,24,44,152],"find":[7,61,78,92,150,173],"it":[8],"challenging":[9],"to":[10,60,69,116,139,188],"protect":[11],"themselves":[12],"from":[13,95],"it.":[14],"While":[15],"the":[16,28,31,71,87,113,166,184,207],"academic":[17],"community":[18],"has":[19],"extensively":[20],"studied":[21],"systems":[22],"for":[25,157],"practices,":[27],"link":[29],"between":[30,176],"data":[32],"protection":[33,147,159,182],"regulations,":[34],"websites\u2019":[35],"practices":[36,202],"of":[37,118,144,168,209],"presenting":[38],"privacy-enhancing":[39],"technologies":[40],"(PETs),":[41],"how":[43],"learn":[45,154],"about":[46,81,155],"PETs":[47,82,156,210],"practice":[49],"them":[50],"not":[52,99,110],"clear.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"takes":[56],"a":[57,63,67,141,174,193],"multidimensional":[58],"approach":[59],"such":[62,192],"link.":[64],"We":[65,90,149,172],"conduct":[66,126],"study":[68],"evaluate":[70],"100":[72],"top":[73],"EU":[74],"websites,":[75],"where":[76],"we":[77,125],"that":[79,93,151],"information":[80],"provided":[84],"far":[85],"beyond":[86],"cookie":[88],"notice.":[89],"also":[91],"opting-out":[94],"privacy":[96,121],"settings":[97],"as":[100,102,180],"easy":[101],"opting-in":[103],"becomes":[105],"even":[106],"more":[107],"difficult":[108],"(if":[109],"impossible)":[111],"when":[112],"user":[114],"decides":[115],"opt-out":[117],"previously":[119],"accepted":[120],"settings.":[122],"In":[123],"addition,":[124],"an":[127],"online":[128],"survey":[129],"with":[130,165],"614":[131],"participants":[132],"across":[133],"three":[134],"countries":[135],"(UK,":[136],"France,":[137],"Germany)":[138],"gain":[140],"broad":[142],"understanding":[143],"users\u2019":[145],"practices.":[148],"mostly":[153],"via":[160],"their":[161],"own":[162],"research":[163],"or":[164],"help":[167],"family":[169],"friends.":[171],"disparity":[175,194],"what":[177],"websites":[178],"offer":[179],"ways":[185],"individuals":[186],"report":[187],"do":[189],"so.":[190],"Observing":[191],"sheds":[195],"light":[196],"on":[197],"why":[198],"current":[199],"policies":[200],"are":[203],"ineffective":[204],"in":[205],"supporting":[206],"use":[208],"by":[211],"users.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}