{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175864821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0070","title":"SwapCT: Swap Confidential Transactions for Privacy-Preserving Multi-Token Exchanges","display_name":"SwapCT: Swap Confidential Transactions for Privacy-Preserving Multi-Token Exchanges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175864821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0070","mag":"3175864821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0070","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2021/popets-2021-0070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2021/popets-2021-0070.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012551327","display_name":"Felix Engelmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-0231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felix Engelmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University , Denmark , E-mail: felix.engelmann@cs.au.dk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University , Denmark , E-mail: felix.engelmann@cs.au.dk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110572884","display_name":"Lukas M\u00fcller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulm University , Germany","Ulm University, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University , Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056553463","display_name":"Peter Andreas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente , The Netherlands","University of Twente, THE NETHERLANDS"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente , The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, THE NETHERLANDS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050897976","display_name":"Frank Kargl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-8369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Kargl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulm University , Germany","Ulm University, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University , Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048906236","display_name":"Christoph B\u00f6sch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-8000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph B\u00f6sch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulm University , Germany","Ulm University, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University , Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012551327"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.28220715,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62221821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"4","first_page":"270","last_page":"290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swap","display_name":"Swap (finance)","score":0.7635712623596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.7551604509353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6991665363311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.6611541509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6327102184295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4663526117801666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41038334369659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.299715518951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.051194190979003906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99821215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136583","display_name":"Swap (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7635712623596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.7551604509353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6991665363311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.6611541509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6327102184295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4663526117801666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41038334369659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.299715518951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.051194190979003906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0070","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2021/popets-2021-0070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3175864821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/631.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/3314fa90-7dc4-485b-b083-e73250dbc8f8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/3314fa90-7dc4-485b-b083-e73250dbc8f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Engelmann, F T, M\u00fcller, L, Peter, A, Kargl, F & B\u00f6sch, C 2021, 'SwapCT: Swap Confidential Transactions for Privacy-Preserving Multi-Token Exchanges', Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, vol. 2021, no. 4, pp. 270-290. https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0070","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0070","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2021/popets-2021-0070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175864821.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175864821.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559037135","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2104648615","https://openalex.org/W2560911655","https://openalex.org/W2793628444","https://openalex.org/W2883748642","https://openalex.org/W2889113390","https://openalex.org/W2954369705","https://openalex.org/W2962718753","https://openalex.org/W2982365671","https://openalex.org/W2984604380","https://openalex.org/W3012492834","https://openalex.org/W3013391778","https://openalex.org/W3048197255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952617358","https://openalex.org/W3112349129","https://openalex.org/W2890442926","https://openalex.org/W1470414024","https://openalex.org/W2972439439","https://openalex.org/W2890504736","https://openalex.org/W3012384218","https://openalex.org/W2971480797","https://openalex.org/W2897681691","https://openalex.org/W2103865773","https://openalex.org/W2005282413","https://openalex.org/W3204658255","https://openalex.org/W2969862456","https://openalex.org/W3090834155","https://openalex.org/W2151426283","https://openalex.org/W2146438437","https://openalex.org/W2995176089","https://openalex.org/W2149072487","https://openalex.org/W2931328976","https://openalex.org/W1604334298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Decentralized":[1],"token":[2,74],"exchanges":[3],"allow":[4],"for":[5,44,84,111,140],"secure":[6,92,136],"trading":[7],"of":[8,23,47,127],"tokens":[9,141],"without":[10,142],"a":[11,27,54,94,104,135,143],"trusted":[12,144],"third":[13,145],"party.":[14,146],"However,":[15],"decentralization":[16],"is":[17,61,91],"mostly":[18],"achieved":[19],"at":[20],"the":[21,36,42],"expense":[22],"transaction":[24,57],"privacy.":[25],"For":[26,115],"fair":[28],"exchange,":[29],"transactions":[30,66,83],"must":[31],"remain":[32],"private":[33,138],"to":[34,63,76],"hide":[35],"participants":[37],"and":[38,79,98,137],"volumes":[39],"while":[40],"maintaining":[41],"possibility":[43],"noninteractive":[45,85],"execution":[46],"trades.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper":[51],"we":[52,118],"present":[53,99],"swap":[55],"confidential":[56,65],"system":[58,132],"(SwapCT)":[59],"which":[60,124],"related":[62],"ring":[64],"(e.g.":[67],"used":[68],"in":[69,93,103],"Monero)":[70],"but":[71],"supports":[72],"multiple":[73],"types":[75],"trade":[77],"among":[78],"enables":[80,134],"secure,":[81],"partial":[82],"swaps.":[86],"We":[87],"prove":[88],"that":[89],"SwapCT":[90,131],"strict,":[95],"formal":[96],"model":[97],"its":[100],"efficient":[101],"performance":[102],"prototype":[105],"implementation":[106],"with":[107],"logarithmic":[108],"signature":[109,122],"sizes":[110],"large":[112],"anonymity":[113],"sets.":[114],"our":[116],"construction":[117],"design":[119],"an":[120],"aggregatable":[121],"scheme":[123],"might":[125],"be":[126],"independent":[128],"interest.":[129],"Our":[130],"thereby":[133],"exchange":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}