{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157248942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","title":"A First Look at Private Communications in Video Games using Visual Features","display_name":"A First Look at Private Communications in Video Games using Visual Features","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157248942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","mag":"3157248942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065491346","display_name":"Abdul Wajid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6803-9145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Wajid","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) , Pakistan "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) , Pakistan ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103615443","display_name":"Nasir Kamal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Kamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044448260","display_name":"Muhammad Sharjeel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3361-4335"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sharjeel","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034131569","display_name":"Raaez Muhammad Sheikh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raaez Muhammad Sheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059430419","display_name":"Huzaifah Bin Wasim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huzaifah Bin Wasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030265860","display_name":"Muhammad Hashir Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hashir Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076559678","display_name":"Wajahat Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2899-7493"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wajahat Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102871970","display_name":"Syed Taha Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0397-4332"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Taha Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020461638","display_name":"Latif Anjum","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latif Anjum","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUST","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102871970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3087,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52039381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"3","first_page":"433","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8246848583221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.5525969862937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.45175400376319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4341466426849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4035443663597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3730838894844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2525131106376648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8246848583221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.5525969862937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.45175400376319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4341466426849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4035443663597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3730838894844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2525131106376648}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3c164ab3e49489f9b1699211d9544d9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3c164ab3e49489f9b1699211d9544d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2021, Iss 3, Pp 433-452 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120790494","https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W832901740","https://openalex.org/W1144064262","https://openalex.org/W1491389626","https://openalex.org/W1521064364","https://openalex.org/W1547885910","https://openalex.org/W1569614731","https://openalex.org/W1646313845","https://openalex.org/W1930197999","https://openalex.org/W1964331153","https://openalex.org/W1997350902","https://openalex.org/W2016401566","https://openalex.org/W2021806119","https://openalex.org/W2031846974","https://openalex.org/W2044994532","https://openalex.org/W2045246799","https://openalex.org/W2081402546","https://openalex.org/W2083366168","https://openalex.org/W2099256741","https://openalex.org/W2107589078","https://openalex.org/W2110405746","https://openalex.org/W2112416772","https://openalex.org/W2121765205","https://openalex.org/W2124868205","https://openalex.org/W2129389941","https://openalex.org/W2131673214","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2142159465","https://openalex.org/W2146520149","https://openalex.org/W2148214126","https://openalex.org/W2158878211","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164582681","https://openalex.org/W2166718914","https://openalex.org/W2194187530","https://openalex.org/W2298368322","https://openalex.org/W2343052201","https://openalex.org/W2404302329","https://openalex.org/W2519818067","https://openalex.org/W2546911071","https://openalex.org/W2550687635","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2621188356","https://openalex.org/W2732026016","https://openalex.org/W2765332150","https://openalex.org/W2767919804","https://openalex.org/W2777652944","https://openalex.org/W2785681938","https://openalex.org/W2789510920","https://openalex.org/W2810028092","https://openalex.org/W2810229386","https://openalex.org/W2890419535","https://openalex.org/W2923521835","https://openalex.org/W2950923448","https://openalex.org/W2962773189","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963299604","https://openalex.org/W2964018263","https://openalex.org/W2967591398","https://openalex.org/W2998972340","https://openalex.org/W3007389333","https://openalex.org/W3035402938","https://openalex.org/W3035597279","https://openalex.org/W3038731534","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3133395594"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703","https://openalex.org/W2353752728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Internet":[1],"privacy":[2],"is":[3,60,123,165,220],"threatened":[4],"by":[5,34],"expanding":[6],"use":[7],"of":[8,22,76,129,209,216,225],"automated":[9,31],"mass":[10],"surveillance":[11],"and":[12,26,43,83,127,151,171,176,188,206,228],"censorship":[13],"techniques.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16,136,156,219],"paper,":[17],"we":[18,71],"investigate":[19],"the":[20,38,52,58,125,214,221],"feasibility":[21],"using":[23,86,148],"video":[24,81,210,226],"games":[25,82,193,227],"virtual":[27,229],"environments":[28,104,230],"to":[29,41,106,115,202],"evade":[30,146],"detection,":[32],"namely":[33],"manipulating":[35],"elements":[36],"in":[37,57,64,79,95,109,117,155],"game":[39,103,211],"environment":[40],"compose":[42],"share":[44],"text":[45,55,77,88],"with":[46],"other":[47],"users.":[48],"This":[49,181],"technique":[50,182],"exploits":[51],"fact":[53],"that":[54],"spotting":[56,89],"wild":[59],"a":[61,73,232],"challenging":[62],"problem":[63],"computer":[65,233],"vision.":[66],"To":[67,213],"test":[68],"our":[69,217],"hypothesis,":[70],"compile":[72],"novel":[74,149],"dataset":[75],"generated":[78],"popular":[80],"analyze":[84],"it":[85],"state-of-the-art":[87],"tools.":[90],"Detection":[91],"rates":[92],"are":[93],"negligible":[94],"most":[96,118],"cases.":[97],"Retraining":[98],"these":[99],"classifiers":[100],"specifically":[101],"for":[102,133,167],"leads":[105],"dramatic":[107],"improvements":[108],"some":[110],"cases":[111],"(ranging":[112],"from":[113,231],"6%":[114],"65%":[116],"instances)":[119],"but":[120],"overall":[121],"effectiveness":[122],"limited:":[124],"costs":[126],"benefits":[128],"retraining":[130],"vary":[131],"significantly":[132],"different":[134],"games,":[135],"strategy":[137],"does":[138,183],"not":[139,184],"generalize,":[140],"and,":[141],"interestingly,":[142],"users":[143],"can":[144],"still":[145],"detection":[147],"configurations":[150],"arbitrary-shaped":[152],"text.":[153],"Communicating":[154],"way":[157],"yields":[158],"very":[159,168],"low":[160],"bitrates":[161],"(0.3-1.1":[162],"bits/s)":[163],"which":[164],"suited":[166],"short":[169],"messages,":[170],"applications":[172],"such":[173,223],"as":[174],"microblogging":[175],"bootstrapping":[177],"off-game":[178],"communications":[179],"(dialing).":[180],"require":[185],"technical":[186],"sophistication":[187],"runs":[189],"easily":[190],"on":[191],"existing":[192],"infrastructure":[194],"without":[195],"modification.":[196],"We":[197],"also":[198],"discuss":[199],"potential":[200],"strategies":[201],"address":[203],"efficiency,":[204],"bandwidth,":[205],"security":[207],"constraints":[208],"environments.":[212],"best":[215],"knowledge,":[218],"first":[222],"exploration":[224],"vision":[234],"perspective.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-05-10T00:00:00"}