{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129285686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","title":"The CNAME of the Game: Large-scale Analysis of DNS-based Tracking Evasion","display_name":"The CNAME of the Game: Large-scale Analysis of DNS-based Tracking Evasion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129285686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","mag":"3129285686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050616031","display_name":"Yana Dimova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6558-2062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yana Dimova","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011677863","display_name":"G\u00fcne\u015f Acar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1621-8333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunes Acar","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-COSIC, KU Leuven","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054714891","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Olejnik","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukasz Olejnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Data Protection Supervisor, independent researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Data Protection Supervisor, independent researcher","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054031138","display_name":"Wouter Joosen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wouter Joosen","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-DistriNet","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-DistriNet","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061602585","display_name":"Tom Van Goethem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6846-9081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Van Goethem","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-DistriNet","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-DistriNet","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050616031"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281","https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86239286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"3","first_page":"394","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.8636618852615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7262791395187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6931040287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6316331624984741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.6021280884742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4943981170654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4453994929790497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.19425496459007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11111253499984741}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.8636618852615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7262791395187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6931040287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6316331624984741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.6021280884742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4943981170654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4453994929790497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.19425496459007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11111253499984741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/671234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/671234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, vol. 2021 (3), (394-412)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.09301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.09301","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.09301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3129285686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.09301.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.09301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.09301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57737232","https://openalex.org/W149605627","https://openalex.org/W1525967479","https://openalex.org/W1770989051","https://openalex.org/W1966175380","https://openalex.org/W1972524097","https://openalex.org/W1991685971","https://openalex.org/W2045726900","https://openalex.org/W2073347453","https://openalex.org/W2123539383","https://openalex.org/W2159764755","https://openalex.org/W2268157125","https://openalex.org/W2304741977","https://openalex.org/W2489352404","https://openalex.org/W2535603283","https://openalex.org/W2604573922","https://openalex.org/W2804485760","https://openalex.org/W2902204202","https://openalex.org/W2904027722","https://openalex.org/W2941459344","https://openalex.org/W2955618369","https://openalex.org/W3093853059","https://openalex.org/W3154012499","https://openalex.org/W3201673895","https://openalex.org/W4244105930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134294367","https://openalex.org/W2891928976","https://openalex.org/W2197053955","https://openalex.org/W3195440983","https://openalex.org/W3136699861","https://openalex.org/W2143840553","https://openalex.org/W2555737301","https://openalex.org/W2187401644","https://openalex.org/W2885933378","https://openalex.org/W1997218415","https://openalex.org/W2788224163","https://openalex.org/W1963971515","https://openalex.org/W100106322","https://openalex.org/W2202744952","https://openalex.org/W1548205909","https://openalex.org/W2590069456","https://openalex.org/W2751961913","https://openalex.org/W3007273324","https://openalex.org/W2914710727","https://openalex.org/W2031216145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Online":[1],"tracking":[2,127,153],"is":[3,66,129,179],"a":[4,37,85,103,158],"whack-a-mole":[5],"game":[6],"between":[7],"trackers":[8,61,70,169,193],"who":[9],"build":[10],"and":[11,20,41,46,143,162],"monetize":[12],"behavioral":[13],"user":[14],"profiles":[15],"through":[16,157],"intrusive":[17],"data":[18,122],"collection,":[19],"anti-tracking":[21,50,91,109,184],"mechanisms":[22],"that":[23,60,94,111,125,154,167,189],"are":[24,71,170],"deployed":[25],"as":[26,57],"browser":[27],"extensions,":[28],"DNS":[29],"resolvers,":[30],"or":[31],"built-in":[32],"to":[33,39,52,75,98,147,181,198,203],"the":[34,58,148,172,175],"browser.":[35],"As":[36],"response":[38],"pervasive":[40],"opaque":[42],"online":[43],"tracking,":[44],"more":[45,47],"users":[48,65],"adopt":[49],"measures":[51,110],"preserve":[53],"their":[54],"privacy.":[55],"Consequently,":[56],"information":[59,202],"can":[62],"gather":[63],"on":[64,84,113,140],"being":[67],"curbed,":[68],"some":[69,168],"looking":[72],"for":[73],"ways":[74],"evade":[76],"these":[77],"protections.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80,126],"paper":[81],"we":[82,123,138,155],"report":[83,139],"large-scale":[86],"longitudinal":[87],"evaluation":[88],"of":[89,151,160],"an":[90],"evasion":[92],"scheme":[93,128],"leverages":[95],"CNAME":[96,192],"records":[97],"include":[99,182],"tracker":[100],"resources":[101],"in":[102],"same-site":[104],"context,":[105],"which":[106,178],"effectively":[107],"bypasses":[108],"rely":[112],"fixed":[114],"hostname-based":[115],"block":[116],"lists.":[117],"Using":[118],"historical":[119],"HTTP":[120],"Archive":[121],"find":[124,166],"rapidly":[130],"gaining":[131],"traction,":[132],"especially":[133],"among":[134],"high-traffic":[135],"websites.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"several":[141],"privacy":[142],"security":[144],"issues":[145],"inherent":[146],"technical":[149],"setup":[150],"CNAME-based":[152],"detected":[156],"combination":[159],"automated":[161],"manual":[163],"analyses.":[164],"We":[165],"using":[171,191],"technique":[173],"against":[174],"Safari":[176],"browser,":[177],"known":[180],"strict":[183],"configurations.":[185],"Our":[186],"findings":[187],"show":[188],"websites":[190],"must":[194],"take":[195],"extra":[196],"precautions":[197],"avoid":[199],"leaking":[200],"sensitive":[201],"third":[204],"parties.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}