{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3159924905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","title":"Data Portability between Online Services: An Empirical Analysis on the Effectiveness of GDPR Art. 20","display_name":"Data Portability between Online Services: An Empirical Analysis on the Effectiveness of GDPR Art. 20","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3159924905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","mag":"3159924905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034689416","display_name":"Emmanuel Syrmoudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0436-2143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Syrmoudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067594244","display_name":"Stefan Mager","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Mager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022251911","display_name":"Sophie Kuebler-Wachendorff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophie Kuebler-Wachendorff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078465062","display_name":"Paul Pizzinini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Pizzinini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063714878","display_name":"Jens Gro\u00dfklags","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-1282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Grossklags","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072100406","display_name":"Johann Kranz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3722-027X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johann Kranz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034689416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97476718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"3","first_page":"351","last_page":"372"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitor-analysis","display_name":"Competitor analysis","score":0.6831575632095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.6641277074813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.6013290882110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5091246962547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.4797738492488861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.45531946420669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.4552549123764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4330240488052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4256863594055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41566306352615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.37332457304000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.26614415645599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.154133141040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09008985757827759}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.6831575632095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.6641277074813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.6013290882110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5091246962547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.4797738492488861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45531946420669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.4552549123764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4330240488052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4256863594055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41566306352615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.37332457304000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.26614415645599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.154133141040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09008985757827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:602fd8652da942d3bfcf4f908440a8f5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/602fd8652da942d3bfcf4f908440a8f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Vol 2021, Iss 3, Pp 351-372 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de:103999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-103999-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401845","display_name":"Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","pdf_url":"https://www.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/popets-2021-0051","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100323600","https://openalex.org/W1513618424","https://openalex.org/W1514426780","https://openalex.org/W1570330546","https://openalex.org/W1735240652","https://openalex.org/W1769671839","https://openalex.org/W2008975493","https://openalex.org/W2018881137","https://openalex.org/W2021348304","https://openalex.org/W2109390866","https://openalex.org/W2112995928","https://openalex.org/W2131490746","https://openalex.org/W2149338394","https://openalex.org/W2184587911","https://openalex.org/W2289748525","https://openalex.org/W2345456282","https://openalex.org/W2355678467","https://openalex.org/W2403485419","https://openalex.org/W2768481906","https://openalex.org/W2804990926","https://openalex.org/W2910976764","https://openalex.org/W2914939670","https://openalex.org/W2943983502","https://openalex.org/W2951152347","https://openalex.org/W2954893098","https://openalex.org/W2970293625","https://openalex.org/W2974508951","https://openalex.org/W2996635086","https://openalex.org/W2999830435","https://openalex.org/W3017075120","https://openalex.org/W3041683109","https://openalex.org/W3046509452","https://openalex.org/W3106886736","https://openalex.org/W3113344429","https://openalex.org/W3121673945","https://openalex.org/W3121928426","https://openalex.org/W3122858100","https://openalex.org/W3125079825","https://openalex.org/W3125558515","https://openalex.org/W3129679214","https://openalex.org/W3176127833","https://openalex.org/W3208419398","https://openalex.org/W4211227371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W107105315","https://openalex.org/W1584537303","https://openalex.org/W1872724644","https://openalex.org/W2750549761","https://openalex.org/W4388155270","https://openalex.org/W28826848","https://openalex.org/W2122272819","https://openalex.org/W4367156293","https://openalex.org/W2130894091","https://openalex.org/W1481731558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Data":[1],"portability":[2,54],"regulation":[3,31],"has":[4],"promised":[5],"that":[6,145,198],"individuals":[7,177],"will":[8],"be":[9,196],"easily":[10,64],"able":[11],"to":[12,103,130,192,210,216,230],"transfer":[13,75],"their":[14,137,167],"personal":[15],"data":[16,53,74,89,102,113,138,159,189,215,238],"between":[17,55,76],"online":[18,118,154],"service":[19],"providers.":[20,77],"Yet,":[21],"after":[22],"more":[23,173],"than":[24,166],"two":[25],"years":[26],"of":[27,47,71,99,116,152,176,224,233],"an":[28,65,72,234],"active":[29],"privacy":[30],"regime":[32],"in":[33,60,127,208,227],"the":[34,45,97,100,112,121,131,185,203,222,231],"European":[35],"Union,":[36],"this":[37,108],"promise":[38],"is":[39],"far":[40],"from":[41,91],"being":[42],"fulfilled.":[43],"Given":[44],"lack":[46],"a":[48,83,88],"functioning":[49],"infrastructure":[50,235],"for":[51],"direct":[52,237],"multiple":[56],"providers,":[57],"we":[58,110],"investigate":[59],"our":[61,228],"study":[62,229],"how":[63],"individual":[66],"could":[67],"currently":[68],"make":[69],"use":[70],"indirect":[73],"We":[78,220],"define":[79],"such":[80],"porting":[81],"as":[82,134,136],"two-step":[84],"transfer:":[85],"firstly,":[86],"requesting":[87],"export":[90,114,160,206],"one":[92,123],"provider,":[93],"followed":[94],"secondly":[95],"by":[96],"import":[98,139,164],"obtained":[101],"another":[104],"provider.":[105],"To":[106],"answer":[107],"question,":[109],"examine":[111],"practices":[115,223],"182":[117],"services,":[119,147],"including":[120],"top":[122],"hundred":[124],"visited":[125],"websites":[126],"Germany":[128],"according":[129,191],"Alexa":[132],"ranking,":[133],"well":[135],"capabilities.":[140],"Our":[141],"main":[142],"results":[143,183],"show":[144],"high-ranking":[146],"which":[148],"primarily":[149],"represent":[150],"incumbents":[151,199,225],"key":[153],"markets,":[155],"provide":[156],"significantly":[157],"larger":[158],"scope":[161,207],"and":[162],"increased":[163],"possibilities":[165],"lower-ranking":[168],"competitors.":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"they":[171],"establish":[172],"thorough":[174],"authentication":[175],"before":[178],"export.":[179],"These":[180],"first":[181],"empirical":[182],"challenge":[184],"theoretical":[186],"literature":[187],"on":[188],"portability,":[190],"which,":[193],"it":[194],"would":[195],"expected":[197],"only":[200],"complied":[201],"with":[202],"minimal":[204],"possible":[205],"order":[209],"not":[211],"lose":[212],"exclusive":[213],"consumer":[214],"market":[217],"competitors":[218],"free-of-charge.":[219],"attribute":[221],"observed":[226],"absence":[232],"realizing":[236],"portability.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-05-10T00:00:00"}