{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407164528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007","title":"A Comprehensive Survey of Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models for Decision Making in Agriculture: Unsolved Problems and Research Opportunities","display_name":"A Comprehensive Survey of Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models for Decision Making in Agriculture: Unsolved Problems and Research Opportunities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407164528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/2/v2/download/article/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223945","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research","issn_l":"2083-2567","issn":["2083-2567","2449-6499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317241","host_organization_name":"Polish Neural Network Society, the University of Social Sciences in Lodz & Czestochowa University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317241"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Polish Neural Network Society, the University of Social Sciences in Lodz & Czestochowa University of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://reference-global.com/2/v2/download/article/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093983185","display_name":"Artem Vizniuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-2633"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artem Vizniuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["CLOUD FLOW LLC, Str. Khotkevycha Hnata, 12, UA02094 Kyiv , Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-2633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CLOUD FLOW LLC, Str. Khotkevycha Hnata, 12, UA02094 Kyiv , Ukraine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018515390","display_name":"Grygorii Diachenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9105-1951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64712228","display_name":"Dnipro University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkn5555","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64712228"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grygorii Diachenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dnipro University of Technology , av. Dmytra Yavornytskoho, 19, Dnipro, UA49005 , Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9105-1951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dnipro University of Technology , av. Dmytra Yavornytskoho, 19, Dnipro, UA49005 , Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64712228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029231748","display_name":"\u0406van Laktionov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-6382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64712228","display_name":"Dnipro University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkn5555","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64712228"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Laktionov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dnipro University of Technology , av. Dmytra Yavornytskoho, 19, Dnipro, UA49005 , Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-6382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dnipro University of Technology , av. Dmytra Yavornytskoho, 19, Dnipro, UA49005 , Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64712228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062416142","display_name":"Agnieszka Siwocha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-236X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agnieszka Siwocha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Institute , SAN University , , \u0141\u00f3d\u017a , Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-236X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Institute , SAN University , , \u0141\u00f3d\u017a , Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054421000","display_name":"Min Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-153X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence , Nanjing , , China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-153X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence , Nanjing , , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006192881","display_name":"Jacek Smol\u0105g","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-3374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130294970","display_name":"Cz\u0119stochowa University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046awyn59","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130294970"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacek Smol\u0105g","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cz\u0119stochowa University of Technology , Department of Artificial Intelligent , Al. Armii Krajowej, 36, Cz\u0119stochowa, 42-201 , Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-3374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cz\u0119stochowa University of Technology , Department of Artificial Intelligent , Al. Armii Krajowej, 36, Cz\u0119stochowa, 42-201 , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130294970"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4949,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97686909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"146"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9347000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9236000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.622422993183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5227404236793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.49451372027397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4345465898513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19297605752944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1843220591545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.0747179388999939}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.622422993183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5227404236793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.49451372027397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4345465898513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19297605752944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1843220591545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0747179388999939}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/2/v2/download/article/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223945","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research","issn_l":"2083-2567","issn":["2083-2567","2449-6499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317241","host_organization_name":"Polish Neural Network Society, the University of Social Sciences in Lodz & Czestochowa University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317241"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Polish Neural Network Society, the University of Social Sciences in Lodz & Czestochowa University of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/2/v2/download/article/10.2478/jaiscr-2025-0007.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223945","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research","issn_l":"2083-2567","issn":["2083-2567","2449-6499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317241","host_organization_name":"Polish Neural Network Society, the University of Social Sciences in Lodz & Czestochowa University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317241"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Polish Neural Network Society, the University of Social Sciences in Lodz & Czestochowa University of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407164528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407164528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":132,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2148972377","https://openalex.org/W2507885311","https://openalex.org/W2522754627","https://openalex.org/W2810911466","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2947675648","https://openalex.org/W3154280800","https://openalex.org/W3169487193","https://openalex.org/W3173539994","https://openalex.org/W4224979326","https://openalex.org/W4287704453","https://openalex.org/W4323050332","https://openalex.org/W4323924806","https://openalex.org/W4323928465","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4361866125","https://openalex.org/W4362610119","https://openalex.org/W4365600681","https://openalex.org/W4366606637","https://openalex.org/W4367367040","https://openalex.org/W4367678106","https://openalex.org/W4375870261","https://openalex.org/W4377371831","https://openalex.org/W4378508636","https://openalex.org/W4379538601","https://openalex.org/W4380352301","https://openalex.org/W4380353763","https://openalex.org/W4380769213","https://openalex.org/W4382998416","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4384648067","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385452929","https://openalex.org/W4385681528","https://openalex.org/W4386148087","https://openalex.org/W4386701302","https://openalex.org/W4387014587","https://openalex.org/W4387195417","https://openalex.org/W4387322982","https://openalex.org/W4387363029","https://openalex.org/W4387475744","https://openalex.org/W4387560005","https://openalex.org/W4387560855","https://openalex.org/W4387561528","https://openalex.org/W4388651791","https://openalex.org/W4388725043","https://openalex.org/W4388994228","https://openalex.org/W4389434164","https://openalex.org/W4389518671","https://openalex.org/W4389520387","https://openalex.org/W4389520758","https://openalex.org/W4389523765","https://openalex.org/W4389945799","https://openalex.org/W4389984066","https://openalex.org/W4390590855","https://openalex.org/W4390897260","https://openalex.org/W4390959459","https://openalex.org/W4390962914","https://openalex.org/W4390963073","https://openalex.org/W4391013695","https://openalex.org/W4391036703","https://openalex.org/W4391071102","https://openalex.org/W4391093636","https://openalex.org/W4391376914","https://openalex.org/W4391423894","https://openalex.org/W4391494845","https://openalex.org/W4391519594","https://openalex.org/W4391831274","https://openalex.org/W4391833078","https://openalex.org/W4391855109","https://openalex.org/W4391857595","https://openalex.org/W4391940723","https://openalex.org/W4391983474","https://openalex.org/W4392271152","https://openalex.org/W4392462461","https://openalex.org/W4392654282","https://openalex.org/W4392867353","https://openalex.org/W4393236964","https://openalex.org/W4393543619","https://openalex.org/W4394064894","https://openalex.org/W4394897057","https://openalex.org/W4394905074","https://openalex.org/W4395029328","https://openalex.org/W4395475952","https://openalex.org/W4396823873","https://openalex.org/W4396913672","https://openalex.org/W4396986140","https://openalex.org/W4398164104","https://openalex.org/W4398235563","https://openalex.org/W4398249971","https://openalex.org/W4398765869","https://openalex.org/W4399116883","https://openalex.org/W4399261907","https://openalex.org/W4399372506","https://openalex.org/W4399525901","https://openalex.org/W4399910478","https://openalex.org/W4400034525","https://openalex.org/W4400113208","https://openalex.org/W4400128681","https://openalex.org/W4400141441","https://openalex.org/W4400277782","https://openalex.org/W4400434234","https://openalex.org/W4400771489","https://openalex.org/W4400950690","https://openalex.org/W4401004521","https://openalex.org/W4401113864","https://openalex.org/W4401171719","https://openalex.org/W4401201942","https://openalex.org/W4401541163","https://openalex.org/W4401581523","https://openalex.org/W4401634743","https://openalex.org/W4401748419","https://openalex.org/W4401798175","https://openalex.org/W4401857375","https://openalex.org/W4401990406","https://openalex.org/W4402048512","https://openalex.org/W4402193325","https://openalex.org/W4402281171","https://openalex.org/W4402369851","https://openalex.org/W4402467765","https://openalex.org/W4402508150","https://openalex.org/W4402577759","https://openalex.org/W4403022005","https://openalex.org/W4403074495","https://openalex.org/W4403125877","https://openalex.org/W4403778673","https://openalex.org/W4404141860","https://openalex.org/W6631448583","https://openalex.org/W6816376112","https://openalex.org/W6884777578","https://openalex.org/W6947899036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,28,72,91],"breakthrough":[2],"in":[3,20,181,209],"developing":[4],"large":[5],"language":[6],"models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"over":[9],"the":[10,39,48,75,80,98,103,120,130,140,155,162,172,198,203,210],"past":[11],"few":[12],"years":[13],"has":[14,113,125,169],"led":[15],"to":[16,34,47,79,109,151,186],"their":[17,59,135],"widespread":[18],"implementation":[19,204],"various":[21],"areas":[22,131,195],"of":[23,30,52,74,84,97,106,119,123,132,134,142,154,158,166,176,196,205],"industry,":[24],"business,":[25],"and":[26,37,42,50,82,94,129,174,190,207],"agriculture.":[27],"aim":[29],"this":[31],"article":[32,99],"is":[33,77,161,213],"critically":[35],"analyse":[36],"generalise":[38],"known":[40],"results":[41,96],"research":[43,76],"directions":[44],"on":[45,58,144],"approaches":[46,78],"development":[49,81],"utilisation":[51],"LLMs,":[53,159],"with":[54],"a":[55,116],"particular":[56],"focus":[57],"functional":[60,121],"characteristics":[61,122,173],"when":[62],"integrated":[63],"into":[64,86],"decision":[65],"support":[66],"systems":[67],"(DSSs)":[68],"for":[69,88,179],"agricultural":[70,111,211],"monitoring.":[71,90],"subject":[73],"integration":[83],"LLMs":[85,108,124,178,206],"DSSs":[87,180],"agrotechnical":[89],"main":[92,156],"scientific":[93],"applied":[95],"are":[100],"as":[101,148,193],"follows:":[102],"world":[104],"experience":[105],"using":[107,177],"improve":[110],"processes":[112],"been":[114,126,138,170,184],"analysed;":[115],"critical":[117],"analysis":[118],"carried":[127],"out,":[128],"application":[133],"architectures":[136],"have":[137,183],"identified;":[139],"necessity":[141],"focusing":[143],"retrieval-augmented":[145],"generation":[146],"(RAG)":[147],"an":[149],"approach":[150],"solving":[152],"one":[153],"limitations":[157],"which":[160],"limited":[163],"knowledge":[164],"base":[165],"training":[167],"data,":[168],"established;":[171],"prospects":[175],"agriculture":[182],"analysed":[185],"highlight":[187],"trustworthiness,":[188],"explainability":[189],"bias":[191],"reduction":[192],"priority":[194],"research;":[197],"potential":[199],"socio-economic":[200],"effect":[201],"from":[202],"RAG":[208],"sector":[212],"substantiated.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}