{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185037236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492401","title":"A Sub-mW Dual-Engine ML Inference System-on-Chip for Complete End-to-End Face-Analysis at the Edge","display_name":"A Sub-mW Dual-Engine ML Inference System-on-Chip for Complete End-to-End Face-Analysis at the Edge","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185037236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492401","mag":"3185037236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492401","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047480304","display_name":"Petar Jokic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Petar Jokic","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland","ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054896676","display_name":"Erfan Azarkhish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-0332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erfan Azarkhish","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057257022","display_name":"R\u00e9gis Cattenoz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Regis Cattenoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057420317","display_name":"Engin T\u00fcretken","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Engin Turetken","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043408422","display_name":"Luca Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072236209","display_name":"St\u00e9phane Emery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9201-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephane Emery","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSEM SA, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047480304"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257","https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75658327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7386091947555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6324062943458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-on-a-chip","display_name":"System on a chip","score":0.5695669651031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-engine","display_name":"Inference engine","score":0.5139250755310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5053908824920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4752851724624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4500015377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-budget","display_name":"Power budget","score":0.4325883686542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4281316101551056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4215216040611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3949587047100067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3599297106266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.2875448763370514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.24396416544914246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.24075418710708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13653242588043213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7386091947555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6324062943458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118021083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398","display_name":"System on a chip","level":2,"score":0.5695669651031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.5139250755310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5053908824920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4752851724624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4500015377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149768029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Power budget","level":4,"score":0.4325883686542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4281316101551056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4215216040611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3949587047100067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3599297106266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2875448763370514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.24396416544914246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.24075418710708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13653242588043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492401","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/870464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/870464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2760207603","https://openalex.org/W4295036207","https://openalex.org/W4293067760","https://openalex.org/W2076528872","https://openalex.org/W3041972061","https://openalex.org/W2158588773","https://openalex.org/W1975010174","https://openalex.org/W2541428931","https://openalex.org/W2353242223","https://openalex.org/W2063784722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"vision-based":[1],"IoT":[2],"applications":[3],"operate":[4],"on":[5],"a":[6,20,57,103],"sub-mW":[7,32],"power":[8,83,100],"budget":[9,101],"while":[10],"requiring":[11],"power-hungry":[12],"always-on":[13,92],"image":[14,76],"processing":[15,26],"capabilities.":[16],"This":[17],"work":[18],"presents":[19],"system-on-chip":[21],"(SoC)":[22],"that":[23],"enables":[24],"hierarchical":[25],"of":[27,102],"face":[28,52,66],"analysis":[29,77],"under":[30],"multiple":[31],"operating":[33],"scenarios":[34],"using":[35],"two":[36],"tightly":[37],"coupled":[38],"machine":[39],"learning":[40],"(ML)":[41],"accelerators.":[42],"A":[43],"dynamically":[44,74],"scalable":[45],"binary":[46],"decision":[47],"tree":[48],"(BDT)":[49],"engine":[50,63],"for":[51,64],"detection":[53],"(FD)":[54],"allows":[55],"triggering":[56],"multi-precision":[58],"convolutional":[59],"neural":[60],"network":[61],"(CNN)":[62],"subsequent":[65],"recognition":[67],"(FR).":[68],"The":[69,109],"22nm":[70],"SoC":[71,110],"can":[72],"therefore":[73],"trade-off":[75],"depth,":[78],"frames-per-second":[79],"(FPS),":[80],"accuracy,":[81],"and":[82,94,119],"consumption.":[84],"It":[85],"implements":[86],"complete":[87],"end-to-end":[88],"edge":[89],"processing,":[90],"enabling":[91],"FD":[93],"FR":[95],"within":[96],"the":[97],"tight":[98],"1mW":[99],"55mm":[104],"diameter":[105],"indoor":[106],"solar":[107],"panel.":[108],"achieves":[111],">2x":[112],"improvement":[113],"in":[114],"energy":[115],"efficiency":[116],"at":[117],"iso-accuracy":[118],"iso-FPS":[120],"over":[121],"state-of-the-art":[122],"(SoA)":[123],"systems.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
