{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361200074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact56868.2023.10079363","title":"Autoencoder based framework for drone RF signal classification and novelty detection","display_name":"Autoencoder based framework for drone RF signal classification and novelty detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361200074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact56868.2023.10079363"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/icact56868.2023.10079363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact56868.2023.10079363","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 25th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/641c2b07-159d-4ac2-a3d9-686bae16c822","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048061727","display_name":"Sanjoy Basak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-0324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150517870","display_name":"Royal Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02vmnye06","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sanjoy Basak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Military Academy,Department CISS,Belgium","Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Belgium","Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Military Academy,Department CISS,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037259782","display_name":"Sreeraj Rajendran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-7494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeraj Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven,Department ESAT,Belgium","Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven,Department ESAT,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028689021","display_name":"Sofie Pollin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-2076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofie Pollin","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven,Department ESAT,Belgium","Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven,Department ESAT,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066835643","display_name":"Bart Scheers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3242-6076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150517870","display_name":"Royal Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02vmnye06","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Scheers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Military Academy,Department CISS,Belgium","Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Military Academy,Department CISS,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048061727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150517870","https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9139,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88302645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"218","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8574107885360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.8494929671287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty-detection","display_name":"Novelty detection","score":0.7602885961532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7000508308410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.696651816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.6379271149635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5383414626121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5379209518432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.503034770488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4697464108467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.44889432191848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4222238063812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33079054951667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10886156558990479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8574107885360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.8494929671287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778924833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7064603","display_name":"Novelty detection","level":3,"score":0.7602885961532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7000508308410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.696651816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.6379271149635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5383414626121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5379209518432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.503034770488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4697464108467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.44889432191848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4222238063812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33079054951667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10886156558990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/icact56868.2023.10079363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact56868.2023.10079363","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 25th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/724114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/724114","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/641c2b07-159d-4ac2-a3d9-686bae16c822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"25th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) - New Cyber Security Risks for Enterprise Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic, SOUTH KOREA, Pyeongchang, 19-22 February 2023","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/724114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/724114","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/641c2b07-159d-4ac2-a3d9-686bae16c822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"25th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) - New Cyber Security Risks for Enterprise Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic, SOUTH KOREA, Pyeongchang, 19-22 February 2023","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361200074.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1242748811","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1527356121","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W2464322612","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2810450581","https://openalex.org/W2908923193","https://openalex.org/W2944086006","https://openalex.org/W2963798233","https://openalex.org/W2982637733","https://openalex.org/W2995089893","https://openalex.org/W3023272449","https://openalex.org/W3024044210","https://openalex.org/W3043230313","https://openalex.org/W3130956448","https://openalex.org/W3186636284","https://openalex.org/W3208264997","https://openalex.org/W4256177618","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6682400147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064636555","https://openalex.org/W2585503716","https://openalex.org/W1939982668","https://openalex.org/W2105014086","https://openalex.org/W2076090200","https://openalex.org/W4312933423","https://openalex.org/W3025682415","https://openalex.org/W2995944953","https://openalex.org/W2081173909","https://openalex.org/W4382317424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80],"increasing":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,17,106,146],"Unmanned":[4],"Aerial":[5],"Vehicles":[6],"(UAVs)":[7],"in":[8,89,144],"modern":[9],"civilian":[10],"and":[11,56,78,84,92,124],"military":[12],"applications":[13],"shows":[14],"the":[15,30,52,104,140],"urgency":[16],"having":[18],"a":[19,65,90],"robust":[20],"drone":[21,26,73,99],"detector":[22],"that":[23,136],"detects":[24],"unseen":[25],"RF":[27,36,54,60,100],"signals.":[28,61],"Ideally,":[29],"system":[31],"can":[32,50],"also":[33],"classify":[34,51],"known":[35,39,53,72,81],"signals":[37,101],"from":[38],"drones.":[40],"This":[41],"study":[42],"aims":[43],"to":[44,102],"develop":[45],"an":[46],"incremental-learning":[47],"framework":[48,138],"which":[49],"signals,":[55],"further":[57],"detect":[58],"novel":[59],"We":[62,96],"propose":[63],"DE-FEND:":[64],"Deep":[66],"residual":[67],"network-based":[68],"autoEncoder":[69],"FramEwork":[70],"for":[71],"signal":[74,82],"classification,":[75],"Novelty":[76],"Detection,":[77],"clustering.":[79],"classification":[83,126],"novelty":[85,115,147],"detection":[86,116,148],"are":[87],"performed":[88],"semi-supervised":[91],"unsupervised":[93],"manner,":[94],"respectively.":[95],"used":[97],"commercial":[98],"evaluate":[103],"performance":[105],"our":[107,110,137],"framework.":[108],"With":[109],"framework,":[111],"we":[112,134],"obtained":[113],"100%":[114],"accuracy":[117,127],"at":[118],"1.04%":[119],"False":[120],"Alarm":[121],"Rate":[122],"(FAR)":[123],"97.4%":[125],"with":[128],"only":[129],"10%":[130],"labelled":[131],"samples.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"show":[135],"outperforms":[139],"state-of-the-art":[141],"(SoA)":[142],"algorithms":[143],"terms":[145],"performance.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
