{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410583081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992898","title":"Protecting Cyber-Physical Systems via Vendor-Constrained Security Auditing with Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Protecting Cyber-Physical Systems via Vendor-Constrained Security Auditing with Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410583081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10992898","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992898","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332754","display_name":"Nan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-0115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056214066","display_name":"Kai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-7974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029531444","display_name":"Lijun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9602-3471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082138899","display_name":"Zhiwei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0378-2744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622932","display_name":"Zhiyuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-5824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Machine Intelligence, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Machine Intelligence, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100332754"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14894438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9126999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.786241888999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vendor","display_name":"Vendor","score":0.7687386274337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7135401964187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.6870163679122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6311150789260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6017048358917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21556240320205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.14228683710098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0892256498336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.06552562117576599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.786241888999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.7687386274337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7135401964187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.6870163679122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6311150789260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6017048358917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21556240320205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.14228683710098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0892256498336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.06552562117576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10992898","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992898","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994094562","https://openalex.org/W2296628198","https://openalex.org/W2588514058","https://openalex.org/W2666472248","https://openalex.org/W2778439859","https://openalex.org/W2794646640","https://openalex.org/W2903056849","https://openalex.org/W2945384854","https://openalex.org/W2998132809","https://openalex.org/W3006971765","https://openalex.org/W3024511794","https://openalex.org/W3091422314","https://openalex.org/W3114160048","https://openalex.org/W3159074911","https://openalex.org/W4210937553","https://openalex.org/W4285064801","https://openalex.org/W4297337507","https://openalex.org/W4312476988","https://openalex.org/W4377969709","https://openalex.org/W4385679797","https://openalex.org/W4385840495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2478661203","https://openalex.org/W2004830053","https://openalex.org/W3008115697","https://openalex.org/W2349167760","https://openalex.org/W2145175947","https://openalex.org/W3124949371","https://openalex.org/W4287864641","https://openalex.org/W2120643196","https://openalex.org/W1567555513","https://openalex.org/W1969195496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"Trojans":[1],"may":[2,33],"cause":[3,34],"security":[4,61,71,79,127],"issues":[5],"in":[6,123],"cyber-physical":[7],"systems":[8],"(CPSs),":[9],"and":[10,43,98,129,161],"recently":[11],"proposed":[12,116,151],"mutual":[13,55],"auditing":[14,56,72,89],"frameworks":[15],"have":[16],"helped":[17],"build":[18],"trustworthy":[19],"CPSs":[20,64],"with":[21,65,84,120,133],"untrustworthy":[22],"devices":[23,27,119],"by":[24,58,159],"requiring":[25],"neighboring":[26,96],"from":[28],"different":[29],"vendors.":[30,67],"However,":[31],"this":[32,50],"severe":[35],"multi-vendor":[36],"integration":[37],"challenges,":[38],"such":[39],"as":[40],"expensive,":[41],"hard-to-maintain,":[42],"insufficient":[44],"vendors":[45,122,157],"to":[46,76,117,141],"purchase":[47],"devices.":[48],"In":[49],"work,":[51],"we":[52],"improve":[53],"the":[54,60,63,69,78,81,91,103,124,142,154],"framework":[57,73],"maintaining":[59],"of":[62,80,105,126,137,156,166],"fewer":[66],"First,":[68],"vendor-constrained":[70],"is":[74,115],"introduced":[75],"enhance":[77],"CPS":[82],"network":[83],"limited":[85],"vendors,":[86],"where":[87],"side":[88],"detects":[90],"hardware":[92],"Trojan":[93],"collusion":[94],"between":[95],"nodes":[97,139],"infected":[99,168],"node":[100],"isolation":[101],"stops":[102],"spread":[104],"active":[106],"HTs.":[107],"Second,":[108],"a":[109,134],"multi-agent":[110],"cooperative":[111],"reinforcement":[112],"learning-based":[113],"method":[114,152],"assign":[118],"proper":[121],"context":[125],"auditing,":[128],"it":[130],"provides":[131],"solutions":[132],"minimized":[135],"number":[136,155],"offline":[138],"due":[140],"HT":[143],"infection.":[144],"The":[145],"experimental":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"that":[149],"our":[150],"reduces":[153],"needed":[158],"40.95%,":[160],"only":[162],"causes":[163],"an":[164],"increment":[165],"0.39%":[167],"nodes.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
