{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184905338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492432","title":"A 5.1ms Low-Latency Face Detection Imager with In-Memory Charge-Domain Computing of Machine-Learning Classifiers","display_name":"A 5.1ms Low-Latency Face Detection Imager with In-Memory Charge-Domain Computing of Machine-Learning Classifiers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184905338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492432","mag":"3184905338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492432","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050025179","display_name":"Hyunsoo Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-9978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunsoo Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101593853","display_name":"Sungjin Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3511-1555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungjin Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059893239","display_name":"Juan Salinas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Salinas","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061812063","display_name":"Sung\u2010Yun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4623-5417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Yun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","Pusan National University, Busan, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pusan National University, Busan, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104111210","display_name":"Euisik Yoon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Euisik Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050025179"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5179,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82400744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6907204389572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6582600474357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.6007479429244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5776333212852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5679188370704651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5644949674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4135960340499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3911953866481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3672957718372345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.33766794204711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.3177679181098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.148635596036911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08529376983642578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6907204389572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6582600474357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.6007479429244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5776333212852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5679188370704651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5644949674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4135960340499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3911953866481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3672957718372345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33766794204711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3177679181098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.148635596036911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08529376983642578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492432","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2891254971","https://openalex.org/W3097096317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014521742","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W2985118265","https://openalex.org/W4312081214","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W325114128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,45,84,97],"CMOS":[3],"imager":[4,74],"for":[5,52,109],"low-latency":[6],"face":[7,78],"detection":[8,25,64,79],"empowered":[9],"by":[10,67],"parallel":[11,21],"imaging":[12],"and":[13,23,30,60,89,112],"computing":[14,56,102],"of":[15,41,57,81,100,107,120],"machine-learning":[16],"(ML)":[17],"classifiers.":[18],"The":[19,36,62],"energy-efficient":[20,53],"operation":[22],"multi-scale":[24],"eliminate":[26],"image":[27],"capture":[28],"delay":[29],"significantly":[31],"alleviate":[32],"backend":[33,124],"computational":[34],"loads.":[35],"proposed":[37],"pixel":[38,49],"architecture,":[39],"composed":[40],"dynamic":[42,98],"samplers":[43],"in":[44],"global":[46],"shutter":[47],"(GS)":[48],"array,":[50],"allows":[51,103],"in-memory":[54,101],"charge-domain":[55],"feature":[58,110],"extraction":[59,111],"classification.":[61],"illumination-invariant":[63],"was":[65],"realized":[66],"using":[68],"log-Haar":[69],"features.":[70],"A":[71],"prototype":[72],"240\u00d7240":[73],"achieved":[75],"an":[76,104],"on-chip":[77],"latency":[80],"5.1ms":[82],"with":[83,122],"97.9%":[85],"true":[86],"positive":[87,92],"rate":[88,93],"2%":[90],"false":[91],"at":[94],"120fps.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"nature":[99],"energy":[105],"efficiency":[106],"419pJ/pixel":[108],"classification,":[113],"leading":[114],"to":[115],"the":[116],"smallest":[117],"latency-energy":[118],"product":[119],"3.66ms\u2219nJ/pixel":[121],"digital":[123],"processing.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}