{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185576717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492347","title":"CHIMERA: A 0.92 TOPS, 2.2 TOPS/W Edge AI Accelerator with 2 MByte On-Chip Foundry Resistive RAM for Efficient Training and Inference","display_name":"CHIMERA: A 0.92 TOPS, 2.2 TOPS/W Edge AI Accelerator with 2 MByte On-Chip Foundry Resistive RAM for Efficient Training and Inference","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185576717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492347","mag":"3185576717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492347","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065617345","display_name":"Massimo Giordano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7012-4135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062937114","display_name":"Kartik Prabhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-1692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kartik Prabhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039771746","display_name":"Kalhan Koul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6123-9064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalhan Koul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033289364","display_name":"Robert M. Radway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-5489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Radway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081083929","display_name":"Albert Gural","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Gural","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062360652","display_name":"Rohan Doshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4923-825X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohan Doshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079626994","display_name":"Zainab F. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8374-8924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab F. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025369789","display_name":"John W. Kustin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7860-8302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John W. Kustin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087051721","display_name":"Timothy Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033025618","display_name":"Gregorio B. Lopes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregorio B. Lopes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003199227","display_name":"Victor Turbiner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Turbiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083012416","display_name":"Win-San Khwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-3564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Win-San Khwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109491324","display_name":"Yu-Der Chih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Der Chih","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225287","display_name":"Meng\u2010Fan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Fan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022770137","display_name":"Gu\u00e9nol\u00e9 Lallement","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5223-6582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guenole Lallement","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029806914","display_name":"Boris Murmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-8782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Murmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036312663","display_name":"Subhasish Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-5194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhasish Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029554261","display_name":"Priyanka Raina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Raina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065617345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95162329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.8131632208824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tops","display_name":"TOPS","score":0.6964430212974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5909850597381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5800979137420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5741725564002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5725215673446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chimera","display_name":"Chimera (genetics)","score":0.5155710577964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4848281145095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.43461713194847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4168388247489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.37399840354919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.35700494050979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.19928517937660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19855225086212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.15333980321884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1239406168460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09463551640510559}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.8131632208824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777675136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835642","display_name":"TOPS","level":3,"score":0.6964430212974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5909850597381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5800979137420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5741725564002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5725215673446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30278631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281721","display_name":"Chimera (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5155710577964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4848281145095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.43461713194847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4168388247489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.37399840354919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.35700494050979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19928517937660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19855225086212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.15333980321884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1239406168460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09463551640510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154815118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q453762","display_name":"Spinning","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsicircuits52068.2021.9492347","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2811109569","https://openalex.org/W2385933648","https://openalex.org/W2381557761","https://openalex.org/W4231398535","https://openalex.org/W4245680303","https://openalex.org/W1996292569","https://openalex.org/W4210522299","https://openalex.org/W2043153436","https://openalex.org/W4251921734","https://openalex.org/W2113085768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CHIMERA":[0,27],"is":[1],"the":[2,73,91],"first":[3,74],"non-volatile":[4],"deep":[5],"neural":[6],"network":[7],"(DNN)":[8],"chip":[9,67],"for":[10],"edge":[11,76,120],"AI":[12,77,121],"training":[13,78,89,122],"and":[14,23,33,52,85,106],"inference":[15,38],"using":[16],"foundry":[17],"on-chip":[18],"resistive":[19],"RAM":[20],"(RRAM)":[21],"macros":[22],"no":[24],"off-chip":[25],"memory.":[26],"achieves":[28,90],"0.92":[29],"TOPS":[30],"peak":[31],"performance":[32],"2.2":[34],"TOPS/W.":[35],"We":[36,71,111],"scale":[37],"to":[39,99],"6x":[40],"larger":[41],"DNNs":[42],"by":[43,57],"connecting":[44],"6":[45],"CHIMERAs":[46],"with":[47,97],"just":[48],"4%":[49],"execution":[50],"time":[51],"5%":[53],"energy":[54],"costs,":[55],"enabled":[56],"communication-sparse":[58],"DNN":[59],"mappings":[60],"that":[61],"exploit":[62],"RRAM":[63,81,102],"non-volatility":[64],"through":[65],"quick":[66],"wakeup/shutdown":[68],"(33":[69],"\u00b5s).":[70],"demonstrate":[72,113],"incremental":[75,119],"which":[79],"overcomes":[80],"write":[82],"energy,":[83],"speed,":[84],"endurance":[86],"challenges.":[87],"Our":[88],"same":[92],"accuracy":[93],"as":[94],"traditional":[95],"algorithms":[96],"up":[98],"283x":[100],"fewer":[101],"weight":[103],"update":[104],"steps":[105],"340x":[107],"better":[108],"energy-delay":[109],"product.":[110],"thus":[112],"10":[114],"years":[115],"of":[116],"20":[117],"samples/minute":[118],"on":[123],"CHIMERA.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}