{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2965075920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsic.2019.8777979","title":"A 128\u00d7120 5-Wire 1.96mm<sup>2</sup> 40nm/90nm 3D Stacked SPAD Time Resolved Image Sensor SoC for Microendoscopy","display_name":"A 128\u00d7120 5-Wire 1.96mm<sup>2</sup> 40nm/90nm 3D Stacked SPAD Time Resolved Image Sensor SoC for Microendoscopy","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2965075920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsic.2019.8777979","mag":"2965075920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsic.2019.8777979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsic.2019.8777979","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042812330","display_name":"Tarek Al Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-8791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tarek Al Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068820261","display_name":"Oscar Almer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Almer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049921338","display_name":"Sam W. Hutchings","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam W. Hutchings","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001069449","display_name":"Ahmet T. Erdogan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet T. Erdogan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081151296","display_name":"Istv\u00e1n Gy\u00f6ngy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3931-7972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Istvan Gyongy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040063739","display_name":"Neale A. W. Dutton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2094-9702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135508","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/0442wxc77","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210135508"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neale A.W. Dutton","raw_affiliation_strings":["STMicroelectronics, Edinburgh, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103198569","display_name":"Robert K. Henderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0398-7520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert K. Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute of Integrated Micro and Nano Systems The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042812330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.325,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95223538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"C260","last_page":"C261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.716647744178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5664244890213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gating","display_name":"Gating","score":0.5512502789497375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.525576651096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.524983823299408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.4994521141052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4753177762031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.4400445818901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3750510811805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3702027201652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.36556771397590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35851120948791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3509944677352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2587541937828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08274263143539429}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.716647744178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5664244890213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194544171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21105679","display_name":"Gating","level":2,"score":0.5512502789497375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.525576651096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.524983823299408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.4994521141052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4753177762031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4400445818901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3750510811805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3702027201652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.36556771397590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35851120948791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3509944677352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2587541937828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08274263143539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/vlsic.2019.8777979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/vlsic.2019.8777979","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/c985f9bc-b60c-4b47-89b6-e1db25fd7d8f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/c985f9bc-b60c-4b47-89b6-e1db25fd7d8f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1884413048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R005257/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4554086864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K03197X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311518","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898701672","https://openalex.org/W2913874388","https://openalex.org/W2767841704","https://openalex.org/W2910536152","https://openalex.org/W3042788182","https://openalex.org/W2973862492","https://openalex.org/W2052698904","https://openalex.org/W3088567681","https://openalex.org/W2793003972","https://openalex.org/W3039585879","https://openalex.org/W2004482449","https://openalex.org/W2770397158","https://openalex.org/W1997534418","https://openalex.org/W2147382763","https://openalex.org/W2900844588","https://openalex.org/W3005771825","https://openalex.org/W2243975753","https://openalex.org/W2758264729","https://openalex.org/W1539131524","https://openalex.org/W2009634825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"ultra-compact":[1],"1.4mm\u00d71.4mm,":[2],"128\u00d7120":[3],"SPAD":[4],"image":[5],"sensor":[6,40],"with":[7,35,51],"a":[8],"5-wire":[9],"interface":[10],"is":[11,20,42],"designed":[12],"for":[13],"time-resolved":[14],"fluorescence":[15],"microendoscopy.":[16],"Dynamic":[17],"range":[18],"(DR)":[19],"extended":[21],"by":[22],"noiseless":[23],"frame":[24],"summation":[25],"in":[26,44],"SRAM":[27],"attaining":[28],"126dB":[29],"time":[30],"resolved":[31],"imaging":[32],"at":[33],"15fps":[34],"390ps":[36],"gating":[37],"resolution.":[38],"The":[39],"SoC":[41],"implemented":[43],"STMicroelectronics":[45],"40nm/90nm":[46],"3D-stacked":[47],"BSI":[48],"CMOS":[49],"process":[50],"8\u03bcm":[52],"pixels":[53],"and":[54],"45%":[55],"fill":[56],"factor.":[57]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}