{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411867400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/transcom.2025cep0002","title":"Low-PAPR 6G Waveform and Modulation Design with 5G NR Backward Compatibility","display_name":"Low-PAPR 6G Waveform and Modulation Design with 5G NR Backward Compatibility","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411867400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/transcom.2025cep0002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/transcom.2025cep0002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/transcom.2025cep0002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493627025","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0916-8516","issn":["0916-8516","1745-1345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058554811","display_name":"Juan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-7928"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025035342","display_name":"Xiaolin Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-5858"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100750055","display_name":"Wenjia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9678-5345"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101240253","display_name":"Chen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6140-9216"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053383072","display_name":"Lan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7243-5244"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd,Beijing,China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6534,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65782669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"E109-B","issue":"2","first_page":"231","last_page":"244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8442294001579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compatibility","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","score":0.6995349526405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6285821795463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backward-compatibility","display_name":"Backward compatibility","score":0.5136916041374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.44528573751449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.43323105573654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3854901194572449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.20028230547904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.11679750680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.057942867279052734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8442294001579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778648169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6995349526405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6285821795463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.5136916041374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.44528573751449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.43323105573654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3854901194572449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.20028230547904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.11679750680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.057942867279052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/transcom.2025cep0002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/transcom.2025cep0002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493627025","display_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0916-8516","issn":["0916-8516","1745-1345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800604","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800604"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031653048","https://openalex.org/W2144139239","https://openalex.org/W2897701207","https://openalex.org/W2906349971","https://openalex.org/W2920737139","https://openalex.org/W3092611585","https://openalex.org/W3164274111","https://openalex.org/W3199434555","https://openalex.org/W3214896863","https://openalex.org/W4226200123","https://openalex.org/W4312269375","https://openalex.org/W4312788355","https://openalex.org/W4383889963","https://openalex.org/W4386590363","https://openalex.org/W4404914779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103734435","https://openalex.org/W2388297596","https://openalex.org/W128084838","https://openalex.org/W2226237160","https://openalex.org/W2032150051","https://openalex.org/W3131377100","https://openalex.org/W1492220143","https://openalex.org/W2371078869","https://openalex.org/W3176673918","https://openalex.org/W2261436707"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,83,142],"achieve":[1,265],"the":[2,36,76,133,144,148,163,170,200,211,220,266,274],"extreme":[3,8],"high":[4],"data":[5],"rate":[6,225],"and":[7,25,29,59,70,95,120,135,159,176,187,197,206,222,236,241,252,269,282,290,306],"coverage":[9],"extension":[10,112],"requirements":[11],"of":[12,35,39,47,75,132,153,172,214,228],"sixth":[13],"generation":[14,86],"(6G)":[15],"wireless":[16],"communication,":[17],"high-frequency":[18,57],"bands":[19,58],"such":[20],"as":[21],"millimeter":[22],"wave":[23],"(mmW)":[24],"sub-terahertz":[26],"(sub-THz)":[27],"frequencies,":[28],"non-terrestrial":[30],"networks":[31],"(NTN),":[32],"are":[33,157,174,217,239],"two":[34],"macro":[37],"trends":[38],"6G":[40,230,275],"candidate":[41,231,276,303],"technologies,":[42],"respectively.":[43],"However,":[44],"non":[45],"linearity":[46],"power":[48,66],"amplifiers":[49],"(PA)":[50],"is":[51,195],"a":[52,129,179,301],"critical":[53],"challenge":[54],"for":[55,81,204,234,279,309],"both":[56,280],"NTN.":[60],"Therefore,":[61],"low":[62],"peak":[63],"to":[64,208,287],"average":[65],"ratio":[67],"(PAPR)":[68],"waveform":[69,94,123,134,305],"modulation":[71,96,136,307],"design":[72],"becomes":[73],"one":[74],"most":[77],"significant":[78],"research":[79],"topics":[80],"6G.":[82,310],"maintain":[84],"fifth":[85],"(5G)":[87],"New":[88],"Radio":[89],"(NR)":[90],"backward":[91,291],"compatibility,":[92,292],"many":[93],"enhancement":[97,137,155,232,277],"schemes":[98,138,156,233,278],"based":[99,139,190,243],"on":[100,140,162,191,244],"DFT-s-OFDM":[101,173,216,260,294],"have":[102],"been":[103],"proposed,":[104],"including":[105],"frequency":[106],"domain":[107,150],"spectrum":[108,111],"shaping":[109],"with":[110,247,261,295],"(FDSS":[113],"+":[114],"SE),":[115],"\u03c0/4-QPSK,":[116],"symbol":[117],"level":[118],"interleaving,":[119],"unified":[121],"non-orthogonal":[122],"(uNOW).":[124],"This":[125],"paper":[126],"firstly":[127],"provides":[128],"general":[130],"description":[131],"DFT-s-OFDM.":[141],"analyze":[143],"factors":[145,167,249],"affecting":[146],"PAPR,":[147],"time":[149],"equivalent":[151],"shaped-pluses":[152],"these":[154,229],"derived":[158],"compared.":[160],"Based":[161],"analysis,":[164],"three":[165],"influencing":[166],"that":[168,258],"reduce":[169],"PAPR":[171,212,221,268],"analyzed":[175],"summarized.":[177],"Secondly,":[178],"low-complexity":[180,289],"scheme,":[181],"asymmetric":[182,192,215,259,293],"DFT-s-OFDM,":[183],"achieving":[184],"time-domain":[185],"compression":[186],"expansion":[188],"(TD-CE)":[189],"DFT":[193],"spreading,":[194],"proposed":[196],"discussed.":[198],"Thirdly,":[199],"optimal":[201],"constellation":[202],"rotations":[203],"BPSK":[205],"QPSK":[207,262,296],"further":[209],"improve":[210],"performance":[213,227,271],"proposed.":[218],"Finally,":[219],"block":[223],"error":[224],"(BLER)":[226],"NTN":[235,281],"mmW":[237,283],"scenarios":[238],"evaluated":[240],"compared":[242],"link-level":[245],"simulation":[246],"non-ideal":[248],"(nonlinear":[250],"PA":[251],"phase":[253],"noise":[254],"(PN)),":[255],"which":[256],"reveals":[257],"rotation":[263,297],"can":[264,298],"best":[267],"BLER":[270],"among":[272],"all":[273],"scenarios.":[284],"In":[285],"addition":[286],"its":[288],"be":[299],"considered":[300],"promising":[302],"low-PAPR":[304],"scheme":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}