{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213203112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro52101.2021.9597191","title":"Developing A Deep Learning Solution to Estimate Instantaneous Glucose Level from Heart Rate Variability","display_name":"Developing A Deep Learning Solution to Estimate Instantaneous Glucose Level from Heart Rate Variability","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213203112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro52101.2021.9597191","mag":"3213203112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/mipro52101.2021.9597191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro52101.2021.9597191","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 44th International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080383569","display_name":"Ervin Shaqiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-1552"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ervin Shaqiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Dooel, Skopje, North Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Dooel, Skopje, North Macedonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005558317","display_name":"Marjan Gu\u0161ev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0351-9783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76245029","display_name":"Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje","ror":"https://ror.org/02wk2vx54","country_code":"MK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}],"countries":["MK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marjan Gusev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010868918","display_name":"Lidija Poposka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-6828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76245029","display_name":"Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje","ror":"https://ror.org/02wk2vx54","country_code":"MK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}],"countries":["MK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lidija Poposka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Clinic of Cardiology, North Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Clinic of Cardiology, North Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061191457","display_name":"Marija Vavlukis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4479-6691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76245029","display_name":"Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje","ror":"https://ror.org/02wk2vx54","country_code":"MK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}],"countries":["MK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marija Vavlukis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Clinic of Cardiology, North Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Clinic of Cardiology, North Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014600779","display_name":"Irfan Ahmeti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76245029","display_name":"Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje","ror":"https://ror.org/02wk2vx54","country_code":"MK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}],"countries":["MK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Ahmeti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Clinic of Endocrinology, North Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Clinic of Endocrinology, North Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0849,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40439728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"340","last_page":"345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6958590149879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"Heart rate variability","score":0.6451602578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6421905755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6197360754013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5887085795402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.545745849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.513447642326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5104588270187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.4635073244571686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.4634867012500763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.43394938111305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.41757553815841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35537195205688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.2723734974861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2684946656227112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.26648086309432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10883131623268127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6958590149879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.6451602578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6421905755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6197360754013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5887085795402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.545745849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.513447642326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5104588270187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.4635073244571686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4634867012500763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43394938111305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41757553815841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35537195205688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.2723734974861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2684946656227112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.26648086309432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10883131623268127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/mipro52101.2021.9597191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro52101.2021.9597191","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 44th International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2295536846","https://openalex.org/W2592484110","https://openalex.org/W2785925437","https://openalex.org/W2891772212","https://openalex.org/W2899963038","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2964024268","https://openalex.org/W2964037754","https://openalex.org/W2996489182","https://openalex.org/W2997613820","https://openalex.org/W3027170410","https://openalex.org/W3041139715","https://openalex.org/W3093225754","https://openalex.org/W3126224741","https://openalex.org/W3127604061","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6748098738","https://openalex.org/W6771982476","https://openalex.org/W6784777033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314914269","https://openalex.org/W112050585","https://openalex.org/W3082889039","https://openalex.org/W2946788172","https://openalex.org/W2889272531","https://openalex.org/W2739867511","https://openalex.org/W3094293500","https://openalex.org/W2954543930","https://openalex.org/W3099765033","https://openalex.org/W2997155179"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"IoT":[1,8],"of":[2,7,60,98,119],"studies":[3],"address":[4],"the":[5,56,117,132,137,141,154,170],"use":[6,50],"devices":[9],"coupled":[10],"with":[11,29,37,96,162],"machine":[12],"learning":[13],"to":[14,49,54,72,90,105,148,152],"predict":[15,55],"and":[16,44,102,177],"better":[17,107],"detect":[18],"health":[19],"problems.":[20],"Diabetes":[21],"is":[22,27,84,114,128,147],"an":[23,47],"issue":[24],"that":[25],"society":[26],"struggling":[28],"for":[30,75,116,140],"a":[31,61,68,87,150],"very":[32],"long":[33],"time.":[34],"The":[35,111,124,165],"ease":[36],"which":[38],"ECG":[39],"signals":[40],"can":[41],"be":[42],"recorded":[43],"interpreted":[45],"provides":[46],"opportunity":[48],"Deep":[51,69,125],"Learning":[52,70,126],"techniques":[53],"estimated":[57],"Sugar":[58],"Levels":[59],"patient.":[62],"This":[63],"research":[64,145],"aims":[65],"at":[66],"describing":[67],"approach":[71,83],"provide":[73],"models":[74],"different":[76],"short-term":[77,112],"heart":[78,159],"rate":[79,160],"variability":[80,161],"measurements.":[81,143],"Our":[82,144],"based":[85,129],"on":[86,130],"special":[88],"method":[89,127],"calculate":[91],"Heart":[92],"Rate":[93],"Variability":[94],"(HRV)":[95],"identification":[97],"segments,":[99],"then":[100],"averaging":[101],"concatenating":[103],"them":[104],"exploit":[106],"feature":[108],"engineering":[109],"results.":[110],"HRV":[113],"used":[115],"determination":[118],"instantaneous":[120],"plasma":[121],"glucose":[122,156],"levels.":[123],"Autokeras,":[131],"neural":[133],"architectural":[134],"search":[135],"provided":[136],"best":[138],"results":[139],"15-minute":[142],"question":[146],"develop":[149],"solution":[151],"estimate":[153],"Instantaneous":[155],"value":[157],"from":[158],"sufficient":[163],"quality.":[164],"evaluated":[166],"test":[167],"set":[168],"gave":[169],"following":[171],"results:":[172],"RMSE(0.368),":[173],"MSE(0.193),":[174],"R":[175,178],"square(0.513),":[176],"squared":[179],"loss(0.541).":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
